Devec - User contributions [en]

MediaWiki:Sitenotice

2024-09-12T03:40:18Z

Vipul:

Want site search autocompletion? See [[Project:Enabling site search autocompletion|here]] 
Encountering 429 Too Many Requests errors when browsing the site? See [[Project:429 Too Many Requests error|here]]

User:Vipul/Sandbox

2024-09-12T03:39:52Z

Vipul:

* <math>2^{8 - 1} = 128</math>
* <math>2^7 - 1 = 127</math>
* <math>9^{\sqrt{7 + 2}} = 729</math>
* <math>\sqrt{7 + 2}!! + 0 = 720</math>
* <math>\left(7 + 2\right)^{\sqrt{9}} = 729</math>
* <math>5^{1 + 2} = 125</math>
* <math>6^{2 + 1} = 216</math>
* <math>(3 + 4)^3 = 343</math>

MediaWiki:Sitenotice

2024-09-08T18:14:59Z

Vipul:

'''This site is in the process of being migrated to a new server. Edits made until this notice has been removed may be lost.''' 
Want site search autocompletion? See [[Project:Enabling site search autocompletion|here]] 
Encountering 429 Too Many Requests errors when browsing the site? See [[Project:429 Too Many Requests error|here]]

MediaWiki:Sitenotice

2024-08-18T21:50:40Z

Vipul:

Devec:429 Too Many Requests error

2024-08-18T21:45:56Z

Vipul: Created page with "This content is copied from Ref:Ref:429 Too Many Requests error. If you get a 429 Too Many Requests error when browsing this site, read on. You're probably seeing this error because a large number of requests have been made from your IP address over a short period of time. That's probably a lot of requests from you or others who share your IP address (such as your home wi-fi network). Waiting a minute and then retrying should generally work. If you are an actual h..."

This content is copied from [[Ref:Ref:429 Too Many Requests error]].

If you get a 429 Too Many Requests error when browsing this site, read on.

You're probably seeing this error because a large number of requests have been made from your IP address over a short period of time. That's probably a lot of requests from you or others who share your IP address (such as your home wi-fi network). Waiting a minute and then retrying should generally work.

If you are an actual human being with a legitimate reason to be browsing the site heavily, first, thank you and sorry about this! We set rate limits to prevent bots, spiders, spammers, and malicious actors from consuming too much of our server's resources so that our server's resources can be devoted to real humans like you. Consider writing to vipulnaik1@gmail.com with your IP address to have the IP address whitelisted. You can get your IP address by [https://www.google.com/search?q=my+ip+address Googling "my IP address"] (scroll down a little bit to where Google includes the IP address in a box). NOTE: If you have both an IPv4 address and an IPv6 address, you should send both; the server supports both IPv4 and IPv6, so either may end up getting used. To check if you have an IPv6 address, try visiting [https://ipv6.google.com/ ipv6.google.com].

If your IP address changes, or you are away from your home network, then you'll get rate-limited again. So if you find yourself getting rate-limited after already having been whitelisted, check if you are on a different IP address than the one for which you requested whitelisting.

File:Site search autocompletion working.png

2024-08-18T21:43:33Z

Vipul:

File:Site search autocompletion broken.png

2024-08-18T21:43:13Z

Vipul:

Devec:Enabling site search autocompletion

2024-08-18T21:36:24Z

Vipul: Created page with "Content copied from Ref:Ref:Enabling site search autocompletion. Images used are specific to this site (Devec). Site search autocompletion is currently broken by default on this site. This page includes details on how to get it to work, and what's going on. ==What's wrong with site search autocompletion and how to fix it== ===What's wrong=== When you start typing something in the site search bar, you'll see it stuck at "Loading search suggestions" as shown in the..."

Content copied from [[Ref:Ref:Enabling site search autocompletion]]. Images used are specific to this site (Devec).

Site search autocompletion is currently broken by default on this site. This page includes details on how to get it to work, and what's going on.

==What's wrong with site search autocompletion and how to fix it==

===What's wrong===

When you start typing something in the site search bar, you'll see it stuck at "Loading search suggestions" as shown in the screenshot below:

[[File:Site search autocompletion broken.png]]

Note that the actual search is still working -- you just have to hit Enter after typing the search query and it'll go to the search results page. It's the autocompletion before you hit Enter that is broken.

===How to fix it===

To fix it, you need to follow these steps:

* Write to vipulnaik1@gmail.com asking for a login to the site. Please include the following with your request: preferred username, preferred initial password (you can change it after logging in), real name (if you want it entered), email address to use (if you want an actual email address by which you can be contacted), and whether you want edit access as well. You don't need edit access for enabling site search autocompletion.
* Log in to the site. Then go to [[Special:Preferences]]. Go to the Appearance section and switch the Skin from "Vector (2022)" to "Vector legacy (2010)".
* Make sure to hit "Save" at the bottom.
* Now you can reload the page or load a new page.

Site search autocompletion should now work. Here's an example:

[[File:Site search autocompletion working.png]]

==More background==

We've recently upgraded the MediaWiki version of this wiki from 1.35.13 to 1.41.2 (see [[Special:Version]]). The upgrade allows us to migrate the wiki to a more modern operating system version running PHP 8. With the current setup for MediaWiki 1.41.2, we're in this situation:

* The "Vector legacy (2010)" skin has site search autocompletion working, but it doesn't render well on small screens. Specifically, even on small mobile screens, it still shows the left menu, and doesn't properly use the MobileFrontend extension settings.
* The "Vector (2022)" skin doesn't have site search autocompletion working (see screenshots in preceding section) but it does render fine on mobile devices.

It is possible to set only one default skin (that is applicable to all non-logged-in users and is the default for logged-in users who have not configured a skin for themselves). So, the selection of default skin comes down to whether it's more important for casual users to have the mobile experience working or to have site search autocompletion working. Based on a general understanding of user behavior, we believe that having a usable mobile experience is more important for casual users than having site search autocompletion.

However, for power users who are using the site extensively, site search autocompletion may be important. That's why we've written this page giving guidance on how to set up site search autocompletion.

MediaWiki:Sitenotice

2024-08-18T21:34:10Z

Vipul: Blanked the page

User:Vipul/Sandbox

2024-08-18T21:31:30Z

Vipul:

User:Vipul/Sandbox

2024-08-18T21:26:54Z

Vipul:

User:Vipul/Sandbox

2024-08-18T21:21:41Z

Vipul:

* <math>2^{8 - 1} = 128</math>
* <math>2^7 - 1 = 127</math>
* <math>9^{\sqrt{7 + 2}} = 729</math>
* <math>\sqrt{7 + 2}!! + 0 = 720</math>
* <math>\left(7 + 2\right)^{\sqrt{9}} = 729</math>

MediaWiki:Sitenotice

2024-08-18T21:14:37Z

Vipul: Created page with "'''This wiki is in the process of being upgraded. The site may go down intermittently. Please try to avoid editing until this notice has been removed.'''"

'''This wiki is in the process of being upgraded. The site may go down intermittently. Please try to avoid editing until this notice has been removed.'''

User:Vipul/Sandbox

2024-07-06T05:35:28Z

Vipul:

* <math>2^{8 - 1} = 128</math>
* <math>2^7 - 1 = 127</math>
* <math>9^{\sqrt{7 + 2}} = 729</math>
* <math>\sqrt{7 + 2}!! + 0 = 720</math>

User:Vipul/Sandbox

2024-07-06T05:20:12Z

Vipul:

* <math>2^{8 - 1} = 128</math>
* <math>2^7 - 1 = 127</math>
* <math>9^{\sqrt{7 + 2}} = 729</math>

User:Vipul/Sandbox

2024-07-04T21:37:12Z

Vipul:

* <math>2^{8 - 1} = 128</math>
* <math>9^{\sqrt{7 + 2}} = 729</math>

User:Vipul/Sandbox

2024-05-20T04:33:54Z

Vipul: Created page with "<math>2^{8 - 1} = 128</math>"

Maddison Project

2017-11-23T02:58:50Z

Vipul:

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

This page describes the data and methods both produced by the explicit Maddison Project and produced by Angus Maddison before his death (since the Maddison Project is continuation of his work).

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by [[contributor::Angus Maddison| ]]Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/><ref name=maddison-project-2013-data>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx |title=The Maddison Project 2013 data|date = January 1, 2013|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> Multiple versions by Angus Maddison, the last of which was published in February/March 2010.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/BackgroundHistoricalStatistics_03-2010.pdf|title = Background notes on "Historical Statistics" in www.ggdc.net/Maddison|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017|}}</ref>
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|-
| PPP comparison method used || The method developed by Kravis, Heston, and Summers for the {{w|International Comparison Program}}.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> The same method is used by the [[Penn World Table]].
|}

== Versions ==

The list of versions is incomplete.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Version !! Formats available !! Year of publication !! Month of publication !! Most recent year till which data is present !! Dimensions (inputs) !! Metrics (outputs)
|-
| Maddison 2010 (version published at start of Maddison Project)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, both horizontal (years are columns)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-horizontal>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls|title = Horizontal file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> and vertical (years are rows)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls|title = Vertical file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> || 2010 || March (for explanatory note), February (for data) || 2008 for GDP and GDP per capita 2009 for population; also 2030 projections for population || Country (or geographical region) and year || Population, real GDP, real GDP per capita, population growth, real GDP growth, real GDP per capita growth
|-
| Maddison 2013 (first update by Maddison Project)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, only vertical (years are rows)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> || 2013 || January || 2010 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Real GDP per capita
|}

== Data description ==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are region (usually, country) and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population: Included in
** Real GDP
** Real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time. Note that we count a year is present if there is data for at least one country for that year.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/><ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year range !! Data granularity for Maddison 2010 (data till 2008) !! Number of regions with data in Maddison 2010 !! Data granularity for Maddison 2013 (data till 2010) || Number of regions with data in Maddison 2013
|-
| 2009 to 2010 || Not present || 0 || Every year || 137
|-
| 1993 to 2008 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 182
|-
| 1991 to 1992 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 179
|-
| 1990 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 183
|-
| 1974 to 1989 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 165
|-
| 1973 || Every year || 172 || Every year || 180
|-
| 1952 to 1972 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 165
|-
| 1950 to 1951 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 158
|-
| 1820 to 1949 || Every year || Variable || Every year || Variable
|-
| 1801 to 1819 || Not present || 0 || Every year || Variable (5 to 7)
|-
| 1700 to 1800 || 1700 || 42 || 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775, 1800 || Variable (4 to 18)
|-
| 1400 to 1699 || 1500, 1600 (once every 100 years, but not 1400) || 42 and 39 || 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650 (once every 50 years) || Variable (4 to 9)
|-
| Before 1400 || 1, 1000 || 41 and 39 || 1, 730, 1000, 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348 || Variable (5 to 16)
|}

==== Region dimension ====

The region dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the region dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the working paper mentioned that the estimates would be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding has not been implemented in the data.

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data. See the table above (in [[#Year dimension]]) for more information on completeness.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>{{rp|4}} Unfortunately, the color coding was not implemented in the dataset.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

==== Differences between versions ====

Both the 2010 version and the 2013 version use 1990 international dollars for the GDP per capita estimate, so the numbers are comparable between the versions.

{{fillin}}

==Data sources==

==Methods of estimation==

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| Max Roser<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth#data-sources |publisher=Our World in Data |title=Economic Growth § Data Sources |year=2017 |accessdate=October 21, 2017}}</ref> || ''Our World in Data'' || Economist || Lists the database as one of the data sources for GDP.
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

==Usage in debates==

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Aeconlog.econlib.org%20%22maddison%22

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Amarginalrevolution.com%20%22maddison%22

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm Official website]

== References ==

Note: For references to papers, a page number is included after the reference number in the original text. This page number is the page number as labeled on the page, rather than the page number in the PDF (these could differ due to the presence of a cover page).

{{Reflist|30em}}

Maddison Project

2017-10-21T23:03:05Z

Vipul: /* Reception */

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

This page describes the data and methods both produced by the explicit Maddison Project and produced by Angus Maddison before his death (since the Maddison Project is continuation of his work).

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/><ref name=maddison-project-2013-data>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx |title=The Maddison Project 2013 data|date = January 1, 2013|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> Multiple versions by Angus Maddison, the last of which was published in February/March 2010.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/BackgroundHistoricalStatistics_03-2010.pdf|title = Background notes on "Historical Statistics" in www.ggdc.net/Maddison|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017|}}</ref>
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|-
| PPP comparison method used || The method developed by Kravis, Heston, and Summers for the {{w|International Comparison Program}}.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> The same method is used by the [[Penn World Table]].
|}

== Versions ==

The list of versions is incomplete.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Version !! Formats available !! Year of publication !! Month of publication !! Most recent year till which data is present !! Dimensions (inputs) !! Metrics (outputs)
|-
| Maddison 2010 (version published at start of Maddison Project)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, both horizontal (years are columns)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-horizontal>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls|title = Horizontal file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> and vertical (years are rows)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls|title = Vertical file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> || 2010 || March (for explanatory note), February (for data) || 2008 for GDP and GDP per capita 2009 for population; also 2030 projections for population || Country (or geographical region) and year || Population, real GDP, real GDP per capita, population growth, real GDP growth, real GDP per capita growth
|-
| Maddison 2013 (first update by Maddison Project)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, only vertical (years are rows)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> || 2013 || January || 2010 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Real GDP per capita
|}

== Data description ==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are region (usually, country) and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population: Included in
** Real GDP
** Real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time. Note that we count a year is present if there is data for at least one country for that year.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/><ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year range !! Data granularity for Maddison 2010 (data till 2008) !! Number of regions with data in Maddison 2010 !! Data granularity for Maddison 2013 (data till 2010) || Number of regions with data in Maddison 2013
|-
| 2009 to 2010 || Not present || 0 || Every year || 137
|-
| 1993 to 2008 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 182
|-
| 1991 to 1992 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 179
|-
| 1990 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 183
|-
| 1974 to 1989 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 165
|-
| 1973 || Every year || 172 || Every year || 180
|-
| 1952 to 1972 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 165
|-
| 1950 to 1951 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 158
|-
| 1820 to 1949 || Every year || Variable || Every year || Variable
|-
| 1801 to 1819 || Not present || 0 || Every year || Variable (5 to 7)
|-
| 1700 to 1800 || 1700 || 42 || 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775, 1800 || Variable (4 to 18)
|-
| 1400 to 1699 || 1500, 1600 (once every 100 years, but not 1400) || 42 and 39 || 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650 (once every 50 years) || Variable (4 to 9)
|-
| Before 1400 || 1, 1000 || 41 and 39 || 1, 730, 1000, 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348 || Variable (5 to 16)
|}

==== Region dimension ====

The region dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the region dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the working paper mentioned that the estimates would be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding has not been implemented in the data.

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data. See the table above (in [[#Year dimension]]) for more information on completeness.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>{{rp|4}} Unfortunately, the color coding was not implemented in the dataset.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

==== Differences between versions ====

Both the 2010 version and the 2013 version use 1990 international dollars for the GDP per capita estimate, so the numbers are comparable between the versions.

{{fillin}}

==Data sources==

==Methods of estimation==

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| Max Roser<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth#data-sources |publisher=Our World in Data |title=Economic Growth § Data Sources |year=2017 |accessdate=October 21, 2017}}</ref> || ''Our World in Data'' || Economist || Lists the database as one of the data sources for GDP.
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

==Usage in debates==

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Aeconlog.econlib.org%20%22maddison%22

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Amarginalrevolution.com%20%22maddison%22

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm Official website]

== References ==

Note: For references to papers, a page number is included after the reference number in the original text. This page number is the page number as labeled on the page, rather than the page number in the PDF (these could differ due to the presence of a cover page).

{{Reflist|30em}}

Total Economy Database

2017-10-21T23:02:03Z

Vipul: /* Reception */

The '''Total Economy Database''' describes itself as "a comprehensive database with annual data covering GDP, population, employment, hours, labor quality, capital services, labor productivity, and Total Factor Productivity for 123 countries in the world".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/index.cfm?id=27722 |title=About the Total Economy Database |accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref>

==Summary==

==Glossary==

Various acronyms and terms are used in the Total Economy Database spreadsheets and documentation. Since there seems to be no unified place for these on the Conference Board website, we collect them here.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Term !! Expansion !! Meaning !! Examples
|-
| EKS || Eltetö–Köves–Szulc<ref>{{cite web |url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.423.3946&rep=rep1&type=pdf |title=Understanding PPPs and PPP-based national accounts |first1=Angus |last1=Deaton |first2=Alan |last2=Heston |date=November 2009 |accessdate=October 21, 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021193202/http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.423.3946&rep=rep1&type=pdf |archivedate=October 21, 2017 |dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=5525 |author=OECD Statistics Directorate |title=OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - EKS method Definition |accessdate=October 21, 2017 |quote=A multilateral method developed by O. Elteto, P. Koves and B. Szulc [Schultz] that computes the nth root of the product of all possible Fisher indexes between n countries. It has been used at the detailed heading level to obtain heading parities, and also at the GDP level. EKS has the properties of base-country invariance and transitivity. }}</ref> ||
|-
| ICT ||
|-
| GK || Geary–Khamis ||
|-
| LP || Labor productivity ||
|-
| EMP || Employment || Just a shortened form of "employment", used in some sheet names. || N/A
|-
| XR || Exchange rate
|-
| Original || N/A ||
|-
| Adjusted || N/A ||
|-
| gr || Growth ||
|-
| TFP || Total Factor Productivity ||
|}

==Versions==

As of October 2017, there have been nine releases of the Total Economy Database. Each release of the database comes in the form of two or three spreadsheets (and sometimes release notes and supplementary data files). These are "Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity", "Growth Accounting and Total Factor Productivity", and "Regional Aggregates". The following spreadsheets are listed in the archive, available through the "Data" page, or available on the Internet Archive:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/index.cfm?id=30565 |title=Total Economy Database Archive |accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/index.cfm?id=27762 |title=Total Economy Database Data |accessdate=October 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/ |title=The Conference Board Total Economy Database |publisher=The Conference Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708232452/https://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/ |archivedate=July 8, 2010 |dead-url=yes}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Spreadsheet !! Publication date/version !! Years covered
|-
| Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity Country Details || January 2010 ||1950–2009
|-
| Growth Accounting and Total Factor Productivity Country Details || January 2010 || 1980–2008
|-
| Regional Aggregates || January 2010 || 1990–2010
|-
| Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity || January 2011 || 1950–2010
|-
| Growth Accounting and Total Factor Productivity || January 2011 || 1990–2009
|-
| Regional Aggregates || January 2011 || 1990–2011
|-
| Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity || January 2012 || 1950–2011
|-
| Growth Accounting and Total Factor Productivity || January 2012 || 1990–2011
|-
| Regional Aggregates || January 2012 || 1990–2012
|-
| Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity || January 2013 || 1950–2012
|-
| Growth Accounting and Total Factor Productivity || January 2013 || 1990–2012
|-
| Regional Aggregates || January 2013 || 1990–2013
|-
| Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity || January 2014 || 1950–2013
|-
| Growth Accounting and Total Factor Productivity || January 2014 || 1990–2013
|-
| Regional Aggregates || January 2014 || 1990–2014
|-
| Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity || May 2015 || 1950–2015
|-
| Growth Accounting and Total Factor Productivity || May 2015 || 1990–2014
|-
| Regional Aggregates || May 2015 || 1990–2015
|-
| Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity || September 2015 || 1950–2015
|-
| Growth Accounting and Total Factor Productivity || September 2015 || 1990–2014
|-
| Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity || May 2016 || 1950–2016
|-
| Regional Aggregates || May 2016 || 1990–2016
|-
| Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity || November 2016 || 1950–2016
|-
| Growth Accounting and Total Factor Productivity || November 2016 || 1995–2015
|-
| Regional Aggregates || November 2016 || 1990–2016
|-
| Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity || May 2017 || 1950–2017
|-
| Growth Accounting and Total Factor Productivity || May 2017 || 1990–2016
|-
| Regional Aggregates || May 2017 || 1990–2017
|}

The Conference Board claims the Total Economy Database began in the early 1990s and ownership transferred to the Conference Board in 2007,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/index.cfm?id=27722 |title=About the Total Economy Database |accessdate=October 21, 2017 |quote=TED was developed by the Groningen Growth and Development Centre (University of Groningen, The Netherlands) in the early 1990s, and starting in the late 1990s, it was produced in partnership with The Conference Board. As of 2007, the database was transferred from the University of Groningen to The Conference Board, which has maintained and extended the database since then.}}</ref> so there are likely older spreadsheets that are no longer available online.

==Devec database==

All versions of the Total Economy Database available on the Conference Board website as of October 2017 have been imported into the devec database.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://github.com/riceissa/total-economy-database |publisher=GitHub |title=riceissa/total-economy-database |accessdate=October 20, 2017}}</ref>

In the devec database, use <code>name = 'Total Economy Database'</code> to find releases of the Total Economy Database:

<pre>mysql> select shortname,release_date,version from datasets
-> where name = 'Total Economy Database';
+----------------+--------------+----------------+
| shortname | release_date | version |
+----------------+--------------+----------------+
| ted201705ollp | 2017-05-01 | May 2017 |
| ted201705gatfp | 2017-05-01 | May 2017 |
| ted201705ra | 2017-05-01 | May 2017 |
| ted201611ollp | 2016-11-01 | November 2016 |
| ted201611gatfp | 2016-11-01 | November 2016 |
| ted201611ra | 2016-11-01 | November 2016 |
| ted201605ollp | 2016-05-01 | May 2016 |
| ted201605ra | 2016-05-01 | May 2016 |
| ted201509ollp | 2015-09-01 | September 2015 |
| ted201509gatfp | 2015-09-01 | September 2015 |
| ted201505ollp | 2015-05-01 | May 2015 |
| ted201505gatfp | 2015-05-01 | May 2015 |
| ted201505ra | 2015-05-01 | May 2015 |
| ted201401ollp | 2014-01-01 | January 2014 |
| ted201401gatfp | 2014-01-01 | January 2014 |
| ted201401ra | 2014-01-01 | January 2014 |
| ted201301ollp | 2013-01-01 | January 2013 |
| ted201301gatfp | 2013-01-01 | January 2013 |
| ted201301ra | 2013-01-01 | January 2013 |
| ted201201ollp | 2012-01-01 | January 2012 |
| ted201201gatfp | 2012-01-01 | January 2012 |
| ted201201ra | 2012-01-01 | January 2012 |
| ted201101ollp | 2011-01-01 | January 2011 |
| ted201101gatfp | 2011-01-01 | January 2011 |
| ted201101ra | 2011-01-01 | January 2011 |
+----------------+--------------+----------------+
25 rows in set (0.01 sec)
</pre>

Here is a sample query that uses the shortnames in order to avoid typing the full database URL:

<pre>mysql> select metric,year,value from data where
-> database_url in (
-> select url from datasets where shortname = 'ted201705ollp'
-> ) and region = 'Algeria' limit 5;
+--------------------+------+----------------------+
| metric | year | value |
+--------------------+------+----------------------+
| GDP EKS (adjusted) | 1950 | 46727.00000000000000 |
| GDP EKS (adjusted) | 1951 | 47054.00000000000000 |
| GDP EKS (adjusted) | 1952 | 49156.00000000000000 |
| GDP EKS (adjusted) | 1953 | 50231.00000000000000 |
| GDP EKS (adjusted) | 1954 | 53175.00000000000000 |
+--------------------+------+----------------------+
5 rows in set (0.19 sec)
</pre>

==Data description==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Total Economy Database are a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are region (country or aggregate region) and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population
** GDP
** GDP per capita
** Total annual hours worked

====Year dimension====

Each spreadsheet has a year range that it covers. The start year is 1950, 1980, or 1990 in most cases, and the end year is the publication year or 1–2 years prior to publication. Even if a year is covered in the spreadsheet, some values may be missing depending on the region and metric.

====Region dimension====

The region dimension includes most modern countries. For China, there are "official" and "alternative" versions. For regional aggregates spreadsheets, a "Country / Region" is given, usually with a broader region than just a country (e.g. "Latin America", "Middle East & North Africa", "Europe", "{{W|EU-15}}", "OECD").

====Other information====

At least one spreadsheet uses italics, but I forgot which one and for what meaning.

==Data sources==

<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/index.cfm?id=27770 |title=Sources and Methods used to construct the Total Economy Database |accessdate=October 18, 2017}}</ref>

==Methods of estimation==

==People==

The Total Economy Database section of the Conference Board website does not list the names of the people who work on the database, nor does it make any acknowledgments other than for the data sources it uses.

Perhaps the authors of <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conference-board.org/pdf_free/Productivity_TED.pdf |title=Recent Productivity Developments in the World Economy: An Overview from The Conference Board Total Economy Database |first1=Vivian |last1=Chen |first2=Abhay |last2=Gupta |first3=Andre |last3=Therrien |first4=Gad |last4=Levanon |first5=Bart |last5=van Ark |accessdate=October 21, 2017}}</ref> have something to do with TED.

From the biography for Klaas de Vries: "De Vries is part of the productivity and growth research team and manages various database revisions and updates, such as the annual update of the Total Economy Database™, which covers indicators that measure the current and historical performance of labor and capital productivity for over 120 countries."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conference-board.org/bio/index.cfm?bioid=3622 |title=Klaas de Vries |accessdate=October 21, 2017}}</ref>

Abdul A. Erumban is listed as a contact on the TED part of the Conference Board website.

The "Global Economy" experts listed on the Conference Board website are also possible.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conference-board.org/about/index.cfm?id=1976 |title=Our Experts: Bringing your issues into focus |accessdate=October 21, 2017}}</ref> Bart van Ark in particular has ties to the University of Groningen.

A press release lists Bart van Ark as a contact.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conference-board.org/press/pressdetail.cfm?pressid=7081 |title=Global Productivity: Decade-Long Decline Comes to a Halt |date=May 17, 2017 |accessdate=October 21, 2017}}</ref>

Wikipedia [[wikipedia:The Conference Board|lists]] 250 employees for the Conference Board (but does not give a citation), which might be useful in determining an upper bound of the person-hours spent preparing the database per year.

==Reception==

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/ |author=Paul Krugman |date=April 26, 2013 |title=Debt and Growth Data |publisher=Paul Krugman Blog |accessdate=October 20, 2017}}</ref> || ''New York Times'' || Economist, columnist || Calls it "the easy source for 1950 onwards" for obtaining GDP data, and cites the database several times in blog posts<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Total%20Economy%20Database%22%20site%3Akrugman.blogs.nytimes.com |title="Total Economy Database" <nowiki>site:krugman.blogs.nytimes.com</nowiki> |website=Google Search |accessdate=October 20, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| Martin Wolf<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/cd1c369c-84c7-11e6-8897-2359a58ac7a5 |title=Economic ills of the UK extend well beyond Brexit |date=September 29, 2016 |publisher=[[wikipedia:Financial Times|Financial Times]] |author=Martin Wolf |accessdate=October 21, 2017}}</ref> || ''Financial Times'' || Economics commentator<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/comment/columnists/martin-wolf |title=Martin Wolf |publisher=[[wikipedia:Financial Times|Financial Times]] |accessdate=October 21, 2017}}</ref> || Calls the database "invaluable".
|-
| Max Roser<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth#data-sources |publisher=Our World in Data |title=Economic Growth § Data Sources |year=2017 |accessdate=October 21, 2017}}</ref> || ''Our World in Data'' || Economist || Lists the database as one of the data sources for GDP.
|-
| Lots of folks<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/americas/a-tale-of-two-mexicos|title = A tale of two Mexicos: Growth and prosperity in a two-speed economy|last = Bolio|first = Eduardo|last2 = Remes|first2 = Jaana|last3 = Lajous|first3 = Tomás|last4 = Manyika|first4 = James|last5 = Ramirez|first5 = Eugenia|last6 = Rossé|first6 = Morten|publisher = [[McKinsey & Company]]}}</ref> || [[McKinsey & Company]] || Consultants, maybe with economics specialization || Useful (and hence used) "for country productivity numbers, which can be compared across nations going back to 1950."
|-
| Brink Lindsey<ref>{{cite web|url = https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa737_web_1.pdf|title = Why Growth is Getting Harder|last = Lindsey|first = Brink|publisher = [[Cato Institute]]}}</ref> || [[Cato Institute]] || Think tank researcher with interest in growth economics || Useful for comparing annual growth in real GDP per capita between the periods 1973 to 1990 and 1990 to 2007.
|}

==Usage in debates==

[http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2013/05/do-low-wages-for-unskilled-workers-weaken-the-case-for-more-immigration.html#comment-157799709 example]

==See also==

* [[Maddison Project]]
* [[Penn World Table]]

==External links==

* [https://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/ Official website]

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Economic statistics projects]]

Total Economy Database

2017-10-21T22:57:32Z

Vipul: /* Reception */

The '''Total Economy Database''' describes itself as "a comprehensive database with annual data covering GDP, population, employment, hours, labor quality, capital services, labor productivity, and Total Factor Productivity for 123 countries in the world".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/index.cfm?id=27722 |title=About the Total Economy Database |accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref>

==Summary==

==Glossary==

Various acronyms and terms are used in the Total Economy Database spreadsheets and documentation. Since there seems to be no unified place for these on the Conference Board website, we collect them here.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Term !! Expansion !! Meaning !! Examples
|-
| EKS || Eltetö–Köves–Szulc<ref>{{cite web |url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.423.3946&rep=rep1&type=pdf |title=Understanding PPPs and PPP-based national accounts |first1=Angus |last1=Deaton |first2=Alan |last2=Heston |date=November 2009 |accessdate=October 21, 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021193202/http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.423.3946&rep=rep1&type=pdf |archivedate=October 21, 2017 |dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=5525 |author=OECD Statistics Directorate |title=OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - EKS method Definition |accessdate=October 21, 2017 |quote=A multilateral method developed by O. Elteto, P. Koves and B. Szulc [Schultz] that computes the nth root of the product of all possible Fisher indexes between n countries. It has been used at the detailed heading level to obtain heading parities, and also at the GDP level. EKS has the properties of base-country invariance and transitivity. }}</ref> ||
|-
| ICT ||
|-
| GK || Geary–Khamis ||
|-
| LP || Labor productivity ||
|-
| EMP || Employment || Just a shortened form of "employment", used in some sheet names. || N/A
|-
| XR || Exchange rate
|-
| Original || N/A ||
|-
| Adjusted || N/A ||
|-
| gr || Growth ||
|-
| TFP || Total Factor Productivity ||
|}

==Versions==

As of October 2017, there have been nine releases of the Total Economy Database. Each release of the database comes in the form of two or three spreadsheets (and sometimes release notes and supplementary data files). These are "Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity", "Growth Accounting and Total Factor Productivity", and "Regional Aggregates". The following spreadsheets are listed in the archive, available through the "Data" page, or available on the Internet Archive:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/index.cfm?id=30565 |title=Total Economy Database Archive |accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/index.cfm?id=27762 |title=Total Economy Database Data |accessdate=October 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/ |title=The Conference Board Total Economy Database |publisher=The Conference Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708232452/https://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/ |archivedate=July 8, 2010 |dead-url=yes}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Spreadsheet !! Publication date/version !! Years covered
|-
| Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity Country Details || January 2010 ||1950–2009
|-
| Growth Accounting and Total Factor Productivity Country Details || January 2010 || 1980–2008
|-
| Regional Aggregates || January 2010 || 1990–2010
|-
| Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity || January 2011 || 1950–2010
|-
| Growth Accounting and Total Factor Productivity || January 2011 || 1990–2009
|-
| Regional Aggregates || January 2011 || 1990–2011
|-
| Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity || January 2012 || 1950–2011
|-
| Growth Accounting and Total Factor Productivity || January 2012 || 1990–2011
|-
| Regional Aggregates || January 2012 || 1990–2012
|-
| Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity || January 2013 || 1950–2012
|-
| Growth Accounting and Total Factor Productivity || January 2013 || 1990–2012
|-
| Regional Aggregates || January 2013 || 1990–2013
|-
| Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity || January 2014 || 1950–2013
|-
| Growth Accounting and Total Factor Productivity || January 2014 || 1990–2013
|-
| Regional Aggregates || January 2014 || 1990–2014
|-
| Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity || May 2015 || 1950–2015
|-
| Growth Accounting and Total Factor Productivity || May 2015 || 1990–2014
|-
| Regional Aggregates || May 2015 || 1990–2015
|-
| Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity || September 2015 || 1950–2015
|-
| Growth Accounting and Total Factor Productivity || September 2015 || 1990–2014
|-
| Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity || May 2016 || 1950–2016
|-
| Regional Aggregates || May 2016 || 1990–2016
|-
| Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity || November 2016 || 1950–2016
|-
| Growth Accounting and Total Factor Productivity || November 2016 || 1995–2015
|-
| Regional Aggregates || November 2016 || 1990–2016
|-
| Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity || May 2017 || 1950–2017
|-
| Growth Accounting and Total Factor Productivity || May 2017 || 1990–2016
|-
| Regional Aggregates || May 2017 || 1990–2017
|}

The Conference Board claims the Total Economy Database began in the early 1990s and ownership transferred to the Conference Board in 2007,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/index.cfm?id=27722 |title=About the Total Economy Database |accessdate=October 21, 2017 |quote=TED was developed by the Groningen Growth and Development Centre (University of Groningen, The Netherlands) in the early 1990s, and starting in the late 1990s, it was produced in partnership with The Conference Board. As of 2007, the database was transferred from the University of Groningen to The Conference Board, which has maintained and extended the database since then.}}</ref> so there are likely older spreadsheets that are no longer available online.

==Devec database==

All versions of the Total Economy Database available on the Conference Board website as of October 2017 have been imported into the devec database.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://github.com/riceissa/total-economy-database |publisher=GitHub |title=riceissa/total-economy-database |accessdate=October 20, 2017}}</ref>

In the devec database, use <code>name = 'Total Economy Database'</code> to find releases of the Total Economy Database:

<pre>mysql> select shortname,release_date,version from datasets
-> where name = 'Total Economy Database';
+----------------+--------------+----------------+
| shortname | release_date | version |
+----------------+--------------+----------------+
| ted201705ollp | 2017-05-01 | May 2017 |
| ted201705gatfp | 2017-05-01 | May 2017 |
| ted201705ra | 2017-05-01 | May 2017 |
| ted201611ollp | 2016-11-01 | November 2016 |
| ted201611gatfp | 2016-11-01 | November 2016 |
| ted201611ra | 2016-11-01 | November 2016 |
| ted201605ollp | 2016-05-01 | May 2016 |
| ted201605ra | 2016-05-01 | May 2016 |
| ted201509ollp | 2015-09-01 | September 2015 |
| ted201509gatfp | 2015-09-01 | September 2015 |
| ted201505ollp | 2015-05-01 | May 2015 |
| ted201505gatfp | 2015-05-01 | May 2015 |
| ted201505ra | 2015-05-01 | May 2015 |
| ted201401ollp | 2014-01-01 | January 2014 |
| ted201401gatfp | 2014-01-01 | January 2014 |
| ted201401ra | 2014-01-01 | January 2014 |
| ted201301ollp | 2013-01-01 | January 2013 |
| ted201301gatfp | 2013-01-01 | January 2013 |
| ted201301ra | 2013-01-01 | January 2013 |
| ted201201ollp | 2012-01-01 | January 2012 |
| ted201201gatfp | 2012-01-01 | January 2012 |
| ted201201ra | 2012-01-01 | January 2012 |
| ted201101ollp | 2011-01-01 | January 2011 |
| ted201101gatfp | 2011-01-01 | January 2011 |
| ted201101ra | 2011-01-01 | January 2011 |
+----------------+--------------+----------------+
25 rows in set (0.01 sec)
</pre>

Here is a sample query that uses the shortnames in order to avoid typing the full database URL:

<pre>mysql> select metric,year,value from data where
-> database_url in (
-> select url from datasets where shortname = 'ted201705ollp'
-> ) and region = 'Algeria' limit 5;
+--------------------+------+----------------------+
| metric | year | value |
+--------------------+------+----------------------+
| GDP EKS (adjusted) | 1950 | 46727.00000000000000 |
| GDP EKS (adjusted) | 1951 | 47054.00000000000000 |
| GDP EKS (adjusted) | 1952 | 49156.00000000000000 |
| GDP EKS (adjusted) | 1953 | 50231.00000000000000 |
| GDP EKS (adjusted) | 1954 | 53175.00000000000000 |
+--------------------+------+----------------------+
5 rows in set (0.19 sec)
</pre>

==Data description==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Total Economy Database are a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are region (country or aggregate region) and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population
** GDP
** GDP per capita
** Total annual hours worked

====Year dimension====

Each spreadsheet has a year range that it covers. The start year is 1950, 1980, or 1990 in most cases, and the end year is the publication year or 1–2 years prior to publication. Even if a year is covered in the spreadsheet, some values may be missing depending on the region and metric.

====Region dimension====

The region dimension includes most modern countries. For China, there are "official" and "alternative" versions. For regional aggregates spreadsheets, a "Country / Region" is given, usually with a broader region than just a country (e.g. "Latin America", "Middle East & North Africa", "Europe", "{{W|EU-15}}", "OECD").

====Other information====

At least one spreadsheet uses italics, but I forgot which one and for what meaning.

==Data sources==

<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/index.cfm?id=27770 |title=Sources and Methods used to construct the Total Economy Database |accessdate=October 18, 2017}}</ref>

==Methods of estimation==

==People==

The Total Economy Database section of the Conference Board website does not list the names of the people who work on the database, nor does it make any acknowledgments other than for the data sources it uses.

Perhaps the authors of <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conference-board.org/pdf_free/Productivity_TED.pdf |title=Recent Productivity Developments in the World Economy: An Overview from The Conference Board Total Economy Database |first1=Vivian |last1=Chen |first2=Abhay |last2=Gupta |first3=Andre |last3=Therrien |first4=Gad |last4=Levanon |first5=Bart |last5=van Ark |accessdate=October 21, 2017}}</ref> have something to do with TED.

From the biography for Klaas de Vries: "De Vries is part of the productivity and growth research team and manages various database revisions and updates, such as the annual update of the Total Economy Database™, which covers indicators that measure the current and historical performance of labor and capital productivity for over 120 countries."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conference-board.org/bio/index.cfm?bioid=3622 |title=Klaas de Vries |accessdate=October 21, 2017}}</ref>

Abdul A. Erumban is listed as a contact on the TED part of the Conference Board website.

The "Global Economy" experts listed on the Conference Board website are also possible.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conference-board.org/about/index.cfm?id=1976 |title=Our Experts: Bringing your issues into focus |accessdate=October 21, 2017}}</ref> Bart van Ark in particular has ties to the University of Groningen.

A press release lists Bart van Ark as a contact.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conference-board.org/press/pressdetail.cfm?pressid=7081 |title=Global Productivity: Decade-Long Decline Comes to a Halt |date=May 17, 2017 |accessdate=October 21, 2017}}</ref>

Wikipedia [[wikipedia:The Conference Board|lists]] 250 employees for the Conference Board (but does not give a citation), which might be useful in determining an upper bound of the person-hours spent preparing the database per year.

==Reception==

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/ |author=Paul Krugman |date=April 26, 2013 |title=Debt and Growth Data |publisher=Paul Krugman Blog |accessdate=October 20, 2017}}</ref> || ''New York Times'' || Economist, columnist || Calls it "the easy source for 1950 onwards" for obtaining GDP data, and cites the database several times in blog posts<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Total%20Economy%20Database%22%20site%3Akrugman.blogs.nytimes.com |title="Total Economy Database" <nowiki>site:krugman.blogs.nytimes.com</nowiki> |website=Google Search |accessdate=October 20, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| Martin Wolf<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/cd1c369c-84c7-11e6-8897-2359a58ac7a5 |title=Economic ills of the UK extend well beyond Brexit |date=September 29, 2016 |publisher=[[wikipedia:Financial Times|Financial Times]] |author=Martin Wolf |accessdate=October 21, 2017}}</ref> || ''Financial Times'' || Economics commentator<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/comment/columnists/martin-wolf |title=Martin Wolf |publisher=[[wikipedia:Financial Times|Financial Times]] |accessdate=October 21, 2017}}</ref> || Calls the database "invaluable".
|-
| Max Roser<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth#data-sources |publisher=Our World in Data |title=Economic Growth § Data Sources |year=2017 |accessdate=October 21, 2017}}</ref> || ''Our World in Data'' || Economist || Lists the database as one of the data sources for GDP.
|-
| Lots of folks<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/americas/a-tale-of-two-mexicos|title = A tale of two Mexicos: Growth and prosperity in a two-speed economy|last = Bolio|first = Eduardo|last2 = Remes|first2 = Jaana|last3 = Lajous|first3 = Tomás|last4 = Manyika|first4 = James|last5 = Ramirez|first5 = Eugenia|last6 = Rossé|first6 = Morten|publisher = [[McKinsey & Company]]}}</ref> || [[McKinsey & Company]] || Consultants, maybe with economics specialization || Useful (and hence used) "for country productivity numbers, which can be compared across nations going back to 1950."
|}

==Usage in debates==

[http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2013/05/do-low-wages-for-unskilled-workers-weaken-the-case-for-more-immigration.html#comment-157799709 example]

==See also==

* [[Maddison Project]]
* [[Penn World Table]]

==External links==

* [https://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/ Official website]

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Economic statistics projects]]

Maddison Project

2017-10-20T21:49:47Z

Vipul: /* Versions */

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

This page describes the data and methods both produced by the explicit Maddison Project and produced by Angus Maddison before his death (since the Maddison Project is continuation of his work).

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/><ref name=maddison-project-2013-data>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx |title=The Maddison Project 2013 data|date = January 1, 2013|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> Multiple versions by Angus Maddison, the last of which was published in February/March 2010.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/BackgroundHistoricalStatistics_03-2010.pdf|title = Background notes on "Historical Statistics" in www.ggdc.net/Maddison|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017|}}</ref>
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|-
| PPP comparison method used || The method developed by Kravis, Heston, and Summers for the {{w|International Comparison Program}}.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> The same method is used by the [[Penn World Table]].
|}

== Versions ==

The list of versions is incomplete.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Version !! Formats available !! Year of publication !! Month of publication !! Most recent year till which data is present !! Dimensions (inputs) !! Metrics (outputs)
|-
| Maddison 2010 (version published at start of Maddison Project)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, both horizontal (years are columns)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-horizontal>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls|title = Horizontal file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> and vertical (years are rows)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls|title = Vertical file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> || 2010 || March (for explanatory note), February (for data) || 2008 for GDP and GDP per capita 2009 for population; also 2030 projections for population || Country (or geographical region) and year || Population, real GDP, real GDP per capita, population growth, real GDP growth, real GDP per capita growth
|-
| Maddison 2013 (first update by Maddison Project)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, only vertical (years are rows)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> || 2013 || January || 2010 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Real GDP per capita
|}

== Data description ==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are region (usually, country) and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population: Included in
** Real GDP
** Real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time. Note that we count an year is present if there is data for at least one country for that year.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/><ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year range !! Data granularity for Maddison 2010 (data till 2008) !! Number of regions with data in Maddison 2010 !! Data granularity for Maddison 2013 (data till 2010) || Number of regions with data in Maddison 2013
|-
| 2009 to 2010 || Not present || 0 || Every year || 137
|-
| 1993 to 2008 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 182
|-
| 1991 to 1992 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 179
|-
| 1990 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 183
|-
| 1974 to 1989 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 165
|-
| 1973 || Every year || 172 || Every year || 180
|-
| 1952 to 1972 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 165
|-
| 1950 to 1951 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 158
|-
| 1820 to 1949 || Every year || Variable || Every year || Variable
|-
| 1801 to 1819 || Not present || 0 || Every year || Variable (5 to 7)
|-
| 1700 to 1800 || 1700 || 42 || 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775, 1800 || Variable (4 to 18)
|-
| 1400 to 1699 || 1500, 1600 (once every 100 years, but not 1400) || 42 and 39 || 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650 (once every 50 years) || Variable (4 to 9)
|-
| Before 1400 || 1, 1000 || 41 and 39 || 1, 730, 1000, 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348 || Variable (5 to 16)
|}

==== Region dimension ====

The region dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the region dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the working paper mentioned that the estimates would be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding has not been implemented in the data.

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data. See the table above (in [[#Year dimension]]) for more information on completeness.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>{{rp|4}} Unfortunately, the color coding was not implemented in the dataset.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

==== Differences between versions ====

Both the 2010 version and the 2013 version use 1990 international dollars for the GDP per capita estimate, so the numbers are comparable between the versions.

{{fillin}}

==Data sources==

==Methods of estimation==

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

==Usage in debates==

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Aeconlog.econlib.org%20%22maddison%22

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Amarginalrevolution.com%20%22maddison%22

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm Official website]

== References ==

Note: For references to papers, a page number is included after the reference number in the original text. This page number is the page number as labeled on the page, rather than the page number in the PDF (these could differ due to the presence of a cover page).

{{Reflist|30em}}

Maddison Project

2017-10-18T15:04:01Z

Vipul: /* Versions */

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

This page describes the data and methods both produced by the explicit Maddison Project and produced by Angus Maddison before his death (since the Maddison Project is continuation of his work).

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/><ref name=maddison-project-2013-data>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx |title=The Maddison Project 2013 data|date = January 1, 2013|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> Multiple versions by Angus Maddison, the last of which was published in February/March 2010.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/BackgroundHistoricalStatistics_03-2010.pdf|title = Background notes on "Historical Statistics" in www.ggdc.net/Maddison|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017|}}</ref>
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|-
| PPP comparison method used || The method developed by Kravis, Heston, and Summers for the {{w|International Comparison Program}}.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> The same method is used by the [[Penn World Table]].
|}

== Versions ==

The list of versions is incomplete.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Version !! Formats available !! Year of publication !! Month of publication !! Most recent year till which data is present !! Dimensions (inputs) !! Metrics (outputs)
|-
| Maddison 2010 (version published at start of Maddison Project)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, both horizontal (years are columns)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-horizontal>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls|title = Horizontal file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> and vertical (years are rows)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls|title = Vertical file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> || 2010 || March (for explanatory note), February (for data) || 2008 fro GDP and GDP per capita 2009 for population; also 2030 projections for population || Country (or geographical region) and year || Population, real GDP, real GDP per capita, population growth, real GDP growth, real GDP per capita growth
|-
| Maddison 2013 (first update by Maddison Project)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, only vertical (years are rows)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> || 2013 || January || 2010 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Real GDP per capita
|}

== Data description ==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are region (usually, country) and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population: Included in
** Real GDP
** Real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time. Note that we count an year is present if there is data for at least one country for that year.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/><ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year range !! Data granularity for Maddison 2010 (data till 2008) !! Number of regions with data in Maddison 2010 !! Data granularity for Maddison 2013 (data till 2010) || Number of regions with data in Maddison 2013
|-
| 2009 to 2010 || Not present || 0 || Every year || 137
|-
| 1993 to 2008 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 182
|-
| 1991 to 1992 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 179
|-
| 1990 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 183
|-
| 1974 to 1989 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 165
|-
| 1973 || Every year || 172 || Every year || 180
|-
| 1952 to 1972 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 165
|-
| 1950 to 1951 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 158
|-
| 1820 to 1949 || Every year || Variable || Every year || Variable
|-
| 1801 to 1819 || Not present || 0 || Every year || Variable (5 to 7)
|-
| 1700 to 1800 || 1700 || 42 || 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775, 1800 || Variable (4 to 18)
|-
| 1400 to 1699 || 1500, 1600 (once every 100 years, but not 1400) || 42 and 39 || 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650 (once every 50 years) || Variable (4 to 9)
|-
| Before 1400 || 1, 1000 || 41 and 39 || 1, 730, 1000, 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348 || Variable (5 to 16)
|}

==== Region dimension ====

The region dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the region dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the working paper mentioned that the estimates would be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding has not been implemented in the data.

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data. See the table above (in [[#Year dimension]]) for more information on completeness.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>{{rp|4}} Unfortunately, the color coding was not implemented in the dataset.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

==== Differences between versions ====

Both the 2010 version and the 2013 version use 1990 international dollars for the GDP per capita estimate, so the numbers are comparable between the versions.

{{fillin}}

==Data sources==

==Methods of estimation==

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

==Usage in debates==

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Aeconlog.econlib.org%20%22maddison%22

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Amarginalrevolution.com%20%22maddison%22

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm Official website]

== References ==

Note: For references to papers, a page number is included after the reference number in the original text. This page number is the page number as labeled on the page, rather than the page number in the PDF (these could differ due to the presence of a cover page).

{{Reflist|30em}}

Maddison Project

2017-10-18T15:03:45Z

Vipul: /* Versions */

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

This page describes the data and methods both produced by the explicit Maddison Project and produced by Angus Maddison before his death (since the Maddison Project is continuation of his work).

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/><ref name=maddison-project-2013-data>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx |title=The Maddison Project 2013 data|date = January 1, 2013|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> Multiple versions by Angus Maddison, the last of which was published in February/March 2010.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/BackgroundHistoricalStatistics_03-2010.pdf|title = Background notes on "Historical Statistics" in www.ggdc.net/Maddison|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017|}}</ref>
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|-
| PPP comparison method used || The method developed by Kravis, Heston, and Summers for the {{w|International Comparison Program}}.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> The same method is used by the [[Penn World Table]].
|}

== Versions ==

The list of versions is incomplete.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Version !! Formats available !! Year of publication !! Month of publication !! Most recent year till which data is present !! Dimensions (inputs) !! Metrics (outputs)
|-
| Maddison 2010 (version published at start of Maddison Project)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, both horizontal (years are columns)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-horizontal>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls|title = Horizontal file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> and vertical (years are rows)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls|title = Vertical file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> || 2010 || March (for explanatory note), February (for data) || 2008 fro GDP and GDP per capita 2009 for population; also 2030 projections || Country (or geographical region) and year || Population, real GDP, real GDP per capita, population growth, real GDP growth, real GDP per capita growth
|-
| Maddison 2013 (first update by Maddison Project)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, only vertical (years are rows)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> || 2013 || January || 2010 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Real GDP per capita
|}

== Data description ==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are region (usually, country) and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population: Included in
** Real GDP
** Real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time. Note that we count an year is present if there is data for at least one country for that year.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/><ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year range !! Data granularity for Maddison 2010 (data till 2008) !! Number of regions with data in Maddison 2010 !! Data granularity for Maddison 2013 (data till 2010) || Number of regions with data in Maddison 2013
|-
| 2009 to 2010 || Not present || 0 || Every year || 137
|-
| 1993 to 2008 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 182
|-
| 1991 to 1992 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 179
|-
| 1990 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 183
|-
| 1974 to 1989 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 165
|-
| 1973 || Every year || 172 || Every year || 180
|-
| 1952 to 1972 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 165
|-
| 1950 to 1951 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 158
|-
| 1820 to 1949 || Every year || Variable || Every year || Variable
|-
| 1801 to 1819 || Not present || 0 || Every year || Variable (5 to 7)
|-
| 1700 to 1800 || 1700 || 42 || 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775, 1800 || Variable (4 to 18)
|-
| 1400 to 1699 || 1500, 1600 (once every 100 years, but not 1400) || 42 and 39 || 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650 (once every 50 years) || Variable (4 to 9)
|-
| Before 1400 || 1, 1000 || 41 and 39 || 1, 730, 1000, 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348 || Variable (5 to 16)
|}

==== Region dimension ====

The region dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the region dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the working paper mentioned that the estimates would be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding has not been implemented in the data.

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data. See the table above (in [[#Year dimension]]) for more information on completeness.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>{{rp|4}} Unfortunately, the color coding was not implemented in the dataset.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

==== Differences between versions ====

Both the 2010 version and the 2013 version use 1990 international dollars for the GDP per capita estimate, so the numbers are comparable between the versions.

{{fillin}}

==Data sources==

==Methods of estimation==

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

==Usage in debates==

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Aeconlog.econlib.org%20%22maddison%22

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Amarginalrevolution.com%20%22maddison%22

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm Official website]

== References ==

Note: For references to papers, a page number is included after the reference number in the original text. This page number is the page number as labeled on the page, rather than the page number in the PDF (these could differ due to the presence of a cover page).

{{Reflist|30em}}

Template:Fillin

2017-10-14T19:47:40Z

Vipul: Created page with "''Fill this in later''"

''Fill this in later''

Maddison Project

2017-10-14T19:47:31Z

Vipul: /* Data description */

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

This page describes the data and methods both produced by the explicit Maddison Project and produced by Angus Maddison before his death (since the Maddison Project is continuation of his work).

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/><ref name=maddison-project-2013-data>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx |title=The Maddison Project 2013 data|date = January 1, 2013|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> Multiple versions by Angus Maddison, the last of which was published in February/March 2010.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/BackgroundHistoricalStatistics_03-2010.pdf|title = Background notes on "Historical Statistics" in www.ggdc.net/Maddison|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017|}}</ref>
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|-
| PPP comparison method used || The method developed by Kravis, Heston, and Summers for the {{w|International Comparison Program}}.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> The same method is used by the [[Penn World Table]].
|}

== Versions ==

The list of versions is incomplete.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Version !! Formats available !! Year of publication !! Month of publication !! Most recent year till which data is present !! Dimensions (inputs) !! Metrics (outputs)
|-
| Maddison 2010 (version published at start of Maddison Project)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, both horizontal (years are columns)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-horizontal>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls|title = Horizontal file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> and vertical (years are rows)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls|title = Vertical file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> || 2010 || March (for explanatory note), February (for data) || 2008 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Population, real GDP, real GDP per capita, population growth, real GDP growth, real GDP per capita growth
|-
| Maddison 2013 (first update by Maddison Project)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, only vertical (years are rows)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> || 2013 || January || 2010 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Real GDP per capita
|}

== Data description ==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are region (usually, country) and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population: Included in
** Real GDP
** Real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time. Note that we count an year is present if there is data for at least one country for that year.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/><ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year range !! Data granularity for Maddison 2010 (data till 2008) !! Number of regions with data in Maddison 2010 !! Data granularity for Maddison 2013 (data till 2010) || Number of regions with data in Maddison 2013
|-
| 2009 to 2010 || Not present || 0 || Every year || 137
|-
| 1993 to 2008 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 182
|-
| 1991 to 1992 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 179
|-
| 1990 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 183
|-
| 1974 to 1989 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 165
|-
| 1973 || Every year || 172 || Every year || 180
|-
| 1952 to 1972 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 165
|-
| 1950 to 1951 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 158
|-
| 1820 to 1949 || Every year || Variable || Every year || Variable
|-
| 1801 to 1819 || Not present || 0 || Every year || Variable (5 to 7)
|-
| 1700 to 1800 || 1700 || 42 || 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775, 1800 || Variable (4 to 18)
|-
| 1400 to 1699 || 1500, 1600 (once every 100 years, but not 1400) || 42 and 39 || 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650 (once every 50 years) || Variable (4 to 9)
|-
| Before 1400 || 1, 1000 || 41 and 39 || 1, 730, 1000, 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348 || Variable (5 to 16)
|}

==== Region dimension ====

The region dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the region dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the working paper mentioned that the estimates would be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding has not been implemented in the data.

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data. See the table above (in [[#Year dimension]]) for more information on completeness.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>{{rp|4}} Unfortunately, the color coding was not implemented in the dataset.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

==== Differences between versions ====

Both the 2010 version and the 2013 version use 1990 international dollars for the GDP per capita estimate, so the numbers are comparable between the versions.

{{fillin}}

==Data sources==

==Methods of estimation==

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

==Usage in debates==

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Aeconlog.econlib.org%20%22maddison%22

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Amarginalrevolution.com%20%22maddison%22

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm Official website]

== References ==

Note: For references to papers, a page number is included after the reference number in the original text. This page number is the page number as labeled on the page, rather than the page number in the PDF (these could differ due to the presence of a cover page).

{{Reflist|30em}}

Maddison Project

2017-10-14T19:46:02Z

Vipul: /* Completeness */

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

This page describes the data and methods both produced by the explicit Maddison Project and produced by Angus Maddison before his death (since the Maddison Project is continuation of his work).

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/><ref name=maddison-project-2013-data>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx |title=The Maddison Project 2013 data|date = January 1, 2013|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> Multiple versions by Angus Maddison, the last of which was published in February/March 2010.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/BackgroundHistoricalStatistics_03-2010.pdf|title = Background notes on "Historical Statistics" in www.ggdc.net/Maddison|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017|}}</ref>
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|-
| PPP comparison method used || The method developed by Kravis, Heston, and Summers for the {{w|International Comparison Program}}.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> The same method is used by the [[Penn World Table]].
|}

== Versions ==

The list of versions is incomplete.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Version !! Formats available !! Year of publication !! Month of publication !! Most recent year till which data is present !! Dimensions (inputs) !! Metrics (outputs)
|-
| Maddison 2010 (version published at start of Maddison Project)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, both horizontal (years are columns)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-horizontal>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls|title = Horizontal file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> and vertical (years are rows)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls|title = Vertical file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> || 2010 || March (for explanatory note), February (for data) || 2008 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Population, real GDP, real GDP per capita, population growth, real GDP growth, real GDP per capita growth
|-
| Maddison 2013 (first update by Maddison Project)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, only vertical (years are rows)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> || 2013 || January || 2010 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Real GDP per capita
|}

== Data description ==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are region (usually, country) and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population: Included in
** Real GDP
** Real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time. Note that we count an year is present if there is data for at least one country for that year.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/><ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year range !! Data granularity for Maddison 2010 (data till 2008) !! Number of regions with data in Maddison 2010 !! Data granularity for Maddison 2013 (data till 2010) || Number of regions with data in Maddison 2013
|-
| 2009 to 2010 || Not present || 0 || Every year || 137
|-
| 1993 to 2008 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 182
|-
| 1991 to 1992 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 179
|-
| 1990 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 183
|-
| 1974 to 1989 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 165
|-
| 1973 || Every year || 172 || Every year || 180
|-
| 1952 to 1972 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 165
|-
| 1950 to 1951 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 158
|-
| 1820 to 1949 || Every year || Variable || Every year || Variable
|-
| 1801 to 1819 || Not present || 0 || Every year || Variable (5 to 7)
|-
| 1700 to 1800 || 1700 || 42 || 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775, 1800 || Variable (4 to 18)
|-
| 1400 to 1699 || 1500, 1600 (once every 100 years, but not 1400) || 42 and 39 || 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650 (once every 50 years) || Variable (4 to 9)
|-
| Before 1400 || 1, 1000 || 41 and 39 || 1, 730, 1000, 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348 || Variable (5 to 16)
|}

==== Region dimension ====

The region dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the region dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the working paper mentioned that the estimates would be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding has not been implemented in the data.

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data. See the table above (in [[#Year dimension]]) for more information on completeness.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>{{rp|4}} Unfortunately, the color coding was not implemented in the dataset.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

==== Differences between versions ====

==Data sources==

==Methods of estimation==

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

==Usage in debates==

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Aeconlog.econlib.org%20%22maddison%22

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Amarginalrevolution.com%20%22maddison%22

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm Official website]

== References ==

Note: For references to papers, a page number is included after the reference number in the original text. This page number is the page number as labeled on the page, rather than the page number in the PDF (these could differ due to the presence of a cover page).

{{Reflist|30em}}

Maddison Project

2017-10-14T19:45:32Z

Vipul: /* Caveats */

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

This page describes the data and methods both produced by the explicit Maddison Project and produced by Angus Maddison before his death (since the Maddison Project is continuation of his work).

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/><ref name=maddison-project-2013-data>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx |title=The Maddison Project 2013 data|date = January 1, 2013|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> Multiple versions by Angus Maddison, the last of which was published in February/March 2010.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/BackgroundHistoricalStatistics_03-2010.pdf|title = Background notes on "Historical Statistics" in www.ggdc.net/Maddison|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017|}}</ref>
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|-
| PPP comparison method used || The method developed by Kravis, Heston, and Summers for the {{w|International Comparison Program}}.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> The same method is used by the [[Penn World Table]].
|}

== Versions ==

The list of versions is incomplete.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Version !! Formats available !! Year of publication !! Month of publication !! Most recent year till which data is present !! Dimensions (inputs) !! Metrics (outputs)
|-
| Maddison 2010 (version published at start of Maddison Project)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, both horizontal (years are columns)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-horizontal>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls|title = Horizontal file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> and vertical (years are rows)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls|title = Vertical file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> || 2010 || March (for explanatory note), February (for data) || 2008 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Population, real GDP, real GDP per capita, population growth, real GDP growth, real GDP per capita growth
|-
| Maddison 2013 (first update by Maddison Project)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, only vertical (years are rows)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> || 2013 || January || 2010 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Real GDP per capita
|}

== Data description ==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are region (usually, country) and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population: Included in
** Real GDP
** Real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time. Note that we count an year is present if there is data for at least one country for that year.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/><ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year range !! Data granularity for Maddison 2010 (data till 2008) !! Number of regions with data in Maddison 2010 !! Data granularity for Maddison 2013 (data till 2010) || Number of regions with data in Maddison 2013
|-
| 2009 to 2010 || Not present || 0 || Every year || 137
|-
| 1993 to 2008 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 182
|-
| 1991 to 1992 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 179
|-
| 1990 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 183
|-
| 1974 to 1989 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 165
|-
| 1973 || Every year || 172 || Every year || 180
|-
| 1952 to 1972 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 165
|-
| 1950 to 1951 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 158
|-
| 1820 to 1949 || Every year || Variable || Every year || Variable
|-
| 1801 to 1819 || Not present || 0 || Every year || Variable (5 to 7)
|-
| 1700 to 1800 || 1700 || 42 || 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775, 1800 || Variable (4 to 18)
|-
| 1400 to 1699 || 1500, 1600 (once every 100 years, but not 1400) || 42 and 39 || 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650 (once every 50 years) || Variable (4 to 9)
|-
| Before 1400 || 1, 1000 || 41 and 39 || 1, 730, 1000, 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348 || Variable (5 to 16)
|}

==== Region dimension ====

The region dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the region dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the working paper mentioned that the estimates would be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding has not been implemented in the data.

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>{{rp|4}} Unfortunately, the color coding was not implemented in the dataset.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

==== Differences between versions ====

==Data sources==

==Methods of estimation==

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

==Usage in debates==

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Aeconlog.econlib.org%20%22maddison%22

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Amarginalrevolution.com%20%22maddison%22

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm Official website]

== References ==

Note: For references to papers, a page number is included after the reference number in the original text. This page number is the page number as labeled on the page, rather than the page number in the PDF (these could differ due to the presence of a cover page).

{{Reflist|30em}}

Maddison Project

2017-10-14T19:44:47Z

Vipul: /* Data dimensions and metrics */

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

This page describes the data and methods both produced by the explicit Maddison Project and produced by Angus Maddison before his death (since the Maddison Project is continuation of his work).

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/><ref name=maddison-project-2013-data>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx |title=The Maddison Project 2013 data|date = January 1, 2013|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> Multiple versions by Angus Maddison, the last of which was published in February/March 2010.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/BackgroundHistoricalStatistics_03-2010.pdf|title = Background notes on "Historical Statistics" in www.ggdc.net/Maddison|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017|}}</ref>
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|-
| PPP comparison method used || The method developed by Kravis, Heston, and Summers for the {{w|International Comparison Program}}.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> The same method is used by the [[Penn World Table]].
|}

== Versions ==

The list of versions is incomplete.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Version !! Formats available !! Year of publication !! Month of publication !! Most recent year till which data is present !! Dimensions (inputs) !! Metrics (outputs)
|-
| Maddison 2010 (version published at start of Maddison Project)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, both horizontal (years are columns)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-horizontal>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls|title = Horizontal file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> and vertical (years are rows)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls|title = Vertical file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> || 2010 || March (for explanatory note), February (for data) || 2008 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Population, real GDP, real GDP per capita, population growth, real GDP growth, real GDP per capita growth
|-
| Maddison 2013 (first update by Maddison Project)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, only vertical (years are rows)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> || 2013 || January || 2010 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Real GDP per capita
|}

== Data description ==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are region (usually, country) and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population: Included in
** Real GDP
** Real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time. Note that we count an year is present if there is data for at least one country for that year.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/><ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year range !! Data granularity for Maddison 2010 (data till 2008) !! Number of regions with data in Maddison 2010 !! Data granularity for Maddison 2013 (data till 2010) || Number of regions with data in Maddison 2013
|-
| 2009 to 2010 || Not present || 0 || Every year || 137
|-
| 1993 to 2008 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 182
|-
| 1991 to 1992 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 179
|-
| 1990 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 183
|-
| 1974 to 1989 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 165
|-
| 1973 || Every year || 172 || Every year || 180
|-
| 1952 to 1972 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 165
|-
| 1950 to 1951 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 158
|-
| 1820 to 1949 || Every year || Variable || Every year || Variable
|-
| 1801 to 1819 || Not present || 0 || Every year || Variable (5 to 7)
|-
| 1700 to 1800 || 1700 || 42 || 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775, 1800 || Variable (4 to 18)
|-
| 1400 to 1699 || 1500, 1600 (once every 100 years, but not 1400) || 42 and 39 || 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650 (once every 50 years) || Variable (4 to 9)
|-
| Before 1400 || 1, 1000 || 41 and 39 || 1, 730, 1000, 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348 || Variable (5 to 16)
|}

==== Region dimension ====

The region dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the region dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the working paper mentioned that the estimates would be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding has not been implemented in the data.

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>{{rp|4}} Unfortunately, the color coding was not implemented in the dataset.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

==Data sources==

==Methods of estimation==

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

==Usage in debates==

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Aeconlog.econlib.org%20%22maddison%22

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Amarginalrevolution.com%20%22maddison%22

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm Official website]

== References ==

Note: For references to papers, a page number is included after the reference number in the original text. This page number is the page number as labeled on the page, rather than the page number in the PDF (these could differ due to the presence of a cover page).

{{Reflist|30em}}

Maddison Project

2017-10-14T19:43:50Z

Vipul: /* Year dimension */

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

This page describes the data and methods both produced by the explicit Maddison Project and produced by Angus Maddison before his death (since the Maddison Project is continuation of his work).

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/><ref name=maddison-project-2013-data>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx |title=The Maddison Project 2013 data|date = January 1, 2013|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> Multiple versions by Angus Maddison, the last of which was published in February/March 2010.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/BackgroundHistoricalStatistics_03-2010.pdf|title = Background notes on "Historical Statistics" in www.ggdc.net/Maddison|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017|}}</ref>
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|-
| PPP comparison method used || The method developed by Kravis, Heston, and Summers for the {{w|International Comparison Program}}.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> The same method is used by the [[Penn World Table]].
|}

== Versions ==

The list of versions is incomplete.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Version !! Formats available !! Year of publication !! Month of publication !! Most recent year till which data is present !! Dimensions (inputs) !! Metrics (outputs)
|-
| Maddison 2010 (version published at start of Maddison Project)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, both horizontal (years are columns)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-horizontal>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls|title = Horizontal file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> and vertical (years are rows)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls|title = Vertical file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> || 2010 || March (for explanatory note), February (for data) || 2008 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Population, real GDP, real GDP per capita, population growth, real GDP growth, real GDP per capita growth
|-
| Maddison 2013 (first update by Maddison Project)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, only vertical (years are rows)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> || 2013 || January || 2010 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Real GDP per capita
|}

== Data description ==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are country and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population: Included in
** Real GDP
** Real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time. Note that we count an year is present if there is data for at least one country for that year.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/><ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year range !! Data granularity for Maddison 2010 (data till 2008) !! Number of regions with data in Maddison 2010 !! Data granularity for Maddison 2013 (data till 2010) || Number of regions with data in Maddison 2013
|-
| 2009 to 2010 || Not present || 0 || Every year || 137
|-
| 1993 to 2008 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 182
|-
| 1991 to 1992 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 179
|-
| 1990 || Every year || 181 || Every year || 183
|-
| 1974 to 1989 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 165
|-
| 1973 || Every year || 172 || Every year || 180
|-
| 1952 to 1972 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 165
|-
| 1950 to 1951 || Every year || 157 || Every year || 158
|-
| 1820 to 1949 || Every year || Variable || Every year || Variable
|-
| 1801 to 1819 || Not present || 0 || Every year || Variable (5 to 7)
|-
| 1700 to 1800 || 1700 || 42 || 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775, 1800 || Variable (4 to 18)
|-
| 1400 to 1699 || 1500, 1600 (once every 100 years, but not 1400) || 42 and 39 || 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650 (once every 50 years) || Variable (4 to 9)
|-
| Before 1400 || 1, 1000 || 41 and 39 || 1, 730, 1000, 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348 || Variable (5 to 16)
|}

==== Country dimension ====

The country dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the country dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the working paper mentioned that the estimates would be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding has not been implemented in the data.

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>{{rp|4}} Unfortunately, the color coding was not implemented in the dataset.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

==Data sources==

==Methods of estimation==

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

==Usage in debates==

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Aeconlog.econlib.org%20%22maddison%22

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Amarginalrevolution.com%20%22maddison%22

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm Official website]

== References ==

Note: For references to papers, a page number is included after the reference number in the original text. This page number is the page number as labeled on the page, rather than the page number in the PDF (these could differ due to the presence of a cover page).

{{Reflist|30em}}

Maddison Project

2017-10-12T01:58:04Z

Vipul: /* Accuracy and precision */

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

This page describes the data and methods both produced by the explicit Maddison Project and produced by Angus Maddison before his death (since the Maddison Project is continuation of his work).

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/><ref name=maddison-project-2013-data>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx |title=The Maddison Project 2013 data|date = January 1, 2013|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> Multiple versions by Angus Maddison, the last of which was published in February/March 2010.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/BackgroundHistoricalStatistics_03-2010.pdf|title = Background notes on "Historical Statistics" in www.ggdc.net/Maddison|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017|}}</ref>
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|-
| PPP comparison method used || The method developed by Kravis, Heston, and Summers for the {{w|International Comparison Program}}.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> The same method is used by the [[Penn World Table]].
|}

== Versions ==

The list of versions is incomplete.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Version !! Formats available !! Year of publication !! Month of publication !! Most recent year till which data is present !! Dimensions (inputs) !! Metrics (outputs)
|-
| Maddison 2010 (version published at start of Maddison Project)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, both horizontal (years are columns)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-horizontal>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls|title = Horizontal file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> and vertical (years are rows)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls|title = Vertical file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> || 2010 || March (for explanatory note), February (for data) || 2008 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Population, real GDP, real GDP per capita, population growth, real GDP growth, real GDP per capita growth
|-
| Maddison 2013 (first update by Maddison Project)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, only vertical (years are rows)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> || 2013 || January || 2010 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Real GDP per capita
|}

== Data description ==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are country and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population: Included in
** Real GDP
** Real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time. Note that we count an year is present if there is data for at least one country for that year.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/><ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year range !! Data granularity for Maddison 2010 (data till 2008) !! Data granularity for Maddison 2013 (data till 2010)
|-
| 2009 to 2010 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1820 to 2008 || Every year || Every year
|-
| 1800 to 1819 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1700 to 1799 || 1700 (only one year) || 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775
|-
| 1400 to 1699 || 1400, 1500, 1600 (once every 100 years) || 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650 (once every 50 years)
|-
| Before 1400 || 1, 1000 || 1, 730, 1000, 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348
|}

==== Country dimension ====

The country dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the country dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the working paper mentioned that the estimates would be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding has not been implemented in the data.

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>{{rp|4}} Unfortunately, the color coding was not implemented in the dataset.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

==Data sources==

==Methods of estimation==

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

==Usage in debates==

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm Official website]

== References ==

Note: For references to papers, a page number is included after the reference number in the original text. This page number is the page number as labeled on the page, rather than the page number in the PDF (these could differ due to the presence of a cover page).

{{Reflist|30em}}

Maddison Project

2017-10-12T01:57:47Z

Vipul: /* Other information */

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

This page describes the data and methods both produced by the explicit Maddison Project and produced by Angus Maddison before his death (since the Maddison Project is continuation of his work).

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/><ref name=maddison-project-2013-data>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx |title=The Maddison Project 2013 data|date = January 1, 2013|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> Multiple versions by Angus Maddison, the last of which was published in February/March 2010.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/BackgroundHistoricalStatistics_03-2010.pdf|title = Background notes on "Historical Statistics" in www.ggdc.net/Maddison|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017|}}</ref>
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|-
| PPP comparison method used || The method developed by Kravis, Heston, and Summers for the {{w|International Comparison Program}}.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> The same method is used by the [[Penn World Table]].
|}

== Versions ==

The list of versions is incomplete.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Version !! Formats available !! Year of publication !! Month of publication !! Most recent year till which data is present !! Dimensions (inputs) !! Metrics (outputs)
|-
| Maddison 2010 (version published at start of Maddison Project)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, both horizontal (years are columns)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-horizontal>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls|title = Horizontal file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> and vertical (years are rows)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls|title = Vertical file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> || 2010 || March (for explanatory note), February (for data) || 2008 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Population, real GDP, real GDP per capita, population growth, real GDP growth, real GDP per capita growth
|-
| Maddison 2013 (first update by Maddison Project)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, only vertical (years are rows)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> || 2013 || January || 2010 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Real GDP per capita
|}

== Data description ==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are country and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population: Included in
** Real GDP
** Real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time. Note that we count an year is present if there is data for at least one country for that year.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/><ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year range !! Data granularity for Maddison 2010 (data till 2008) !! Data granularity for Maddison 2013 (data till 2010)
|-
| 2009 to 2010 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1820 to 2008 || Every year || Every year
|-
| 1800 to 1819 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1700 to 1799 || 1700 (only one year) || 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775
|-
| 1400 to 1699 || 1400, 1500, 1600 (once every 100 years) || 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650 (once every 50 years)
|-
| Before 1400 || 1, 1000 || 1, 730, 1000, 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348
|}

==== Country dimension ====

The country dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the country dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the working paper mentioned that the estimates would be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding has not been implemented in the data.

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>{{rp|4}} Unfortunately, the color coding does not seem to show up in Mac's Numbers or in Google Sheets.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

==Data sources==

==Methods of estimation==

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

==Usage in debates==

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm Official website]

== References ==

Note: For references to papers, a page number is included after the reference number in the original text. This page number is the page number as labeled on the page, rather than the page number in the PDF (these could differ due to the presence of a cover page).

{{Reflist|30em}}

Maddison Project

2017-10-06T17:49:32Z

Vipul: /* References */

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

This page describes the data and methods both produced by the explicit Maddison Project and produced by Angus Maddison before his death (since the Maddison Project is continuation of his work).

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/><ref name=maddison-project-2013-data>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx |title=The Maddison Project 2013 data|date = January 1, 2013|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> Multiple versions by Angus Maddison, the last of which was published in February/March 2010.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/BackgroundHistoricalStatistics_03-2010.pdf|title = Background notes on "Historical Statistics" in www.ggdc.net/Maddison|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017|}}</ref>
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|-
| PPP comparison method used || The method developed by Kravis, Heston, and Summers for the {{w|International Comparison Program}}.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> The same method is used by the [[Penn World Table]].
|}

== Versions ==

The list of versions is incomplete.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Version !! Formats available !! Year of publication !! Month of publication !! Most recent year till which data is present !! Dimensions (inputs) !! Metrics (outputs)
|-
| Maddison 2010 (version published at start of Maddison Project)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, both horizontal (years are columns)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-horizontal>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls|title = Horizontal file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> and vertical (years are rows)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls|title = Vertical file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> || 2010 || March (for explanatory note), February (for data) || 2008 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Population, real GDP, real GDP per capita, population growth, real GDP growth, real GDP per capita growth
|-
| Maddison 2013 (first update by Maddison Project)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, only vertical (years are rows)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> || 2013 || January || 2010 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Real GDP per capita
|}

== Data description ==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are country and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population: Included in
** Real GDP
** Real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time. Note that we count an year is present if there is data for at least one country for that year.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/><ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year range !! Data granularity for Maddison 2010 (data till 2008) !! Data granularity for Maddison 2013 (data till 2010)
|-
| 2009 to 2010 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1820 to 2008 || Every year || Every year
|-
| 1800 to 1819 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1700 to 1799 || 1700 (only one year) || 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775
|-
| 1400 to 1699 || 1400, 1500, 1600 (once every 100 years) || 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650 (once every 50 years)
|-
| Before 1400 || 1, 1000 || 1, 730, 1000, 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348
|}

==== Country dimension ====

The country dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the country dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the estimates ''should'' be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding does not seem to show up in Google Sheets or Mac's Numbers software (it might show up only in Excel).

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>{{rp|4}} Unfortunately, the color coding does not seem to show up in Mac's Numbers or in Google Sheets.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

==Data sources==

==Methods of estimation==

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

==Usage in debates==

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm Official website]

== References ==

Note: For references to papers, a page number is included after the reference number in the original text. This page number is the page number as labeled on the page, rather than the page number in the PDF (these could differ due to the presence of a cover page).

{{Reflist|30em}}

Maddison Project

2017-10-06T17:48:01Z

Vipul:

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

This page describes the data and methods both produced by the explicit Maddison Project and produced by Angus Maddison before his death (since the Maddison Project is continuation of his work).

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/><ref name=maddison-project-2013-data>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx |title=The Maddison Project 2013 data|date = January 1, 2013|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> Multiple versions by Angus Maddison, the last of which was published in February/March 2010.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/BackgroundHistoricalStatistics_03-2010.pdf|title = Background notes on "Historical Statistics" in www.ggdc.net/Maddison|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017|}}</ref>
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|-
| PPP comparison method used || The method developed by Kravis, Heston, and Summers for the {{w|International Comparison Program}}.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> The same method is used by the [[Penn World Table]].
|}

== Versions ==

The list of versions is incomplete.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Version !! Formats available !! Year of publication !! Month of publication !! Most recent year till which data is present !! Dimensions (inputs) !! Metrics (outputs)
|-
| Maddison 2010 (version published at start of Maddison Project)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, both horizontal (years are columns)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-horizontal>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls|title = Horizontal file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> and vertical (years are rows)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls|title = Vertical file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> || 2010 || March (for explanatory note), February (for data) || 2008 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Population, real GDP, real GDP per capita, population growth, real GDP growth, real GDP per capita growth
|-
| Maddison 2013 (first update by Maddison Project)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, only vertical (years are rows)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> || 2013 || January || 2010 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Real GDP per capita
|}

== Data description ==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are country and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population: Included in
** Real GDP
** Real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time. Note that we count an year is present if there is data for at least one country for that year.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/><ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year range !! Data granularity for Maddison 2010 (data till 2008) !! Data granularity for Maddison 2013 (data till 2010)
|-
| 2009 to 2010 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1820 to 2008 || Every year || Every year
|-
| 1800 to 1819 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1700 to 1799 || 1700 (only one year) || 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775
|-
| 1400 to 1699 || 1400, 1500, 1600 (once every 100 years) || 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650 (once every 50 years)
|-
| Before 1400 || 1, 1000 || 1, 730, 1000, 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348
|}

==== Country dimension ====

The country dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the country dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the estimates ''should'' be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding does not seem to show up in Google Sheets or Mac's Numbers software (it might show up only in Excel).

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>{{rp|4}} Unfortunately, the color coding does not seem to show up in Mac's Numbers or in Google Sheets.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

==Data sources==

==Methods of estimation==

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

==Usage in debates==

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm Official website]

== References ==

{{Reflist|30em}}

Maddison Project

2017-10-06T17:44:26Z

Vipul:

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

This page describes the data and methods both produced by the explicit Maddison Project and produced by Angus Maddison before his death (since the Maddison Project is continuation of his work).

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/><ref name=maddison-project-2013-data>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx |title=The Maddison Project 2013 data}}</ref> Multiple versions by Angus Maddison, the last of which was published in February/March 2010.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/BackgroundHistoricalStatistics_03-2010.pdf|title = Background notes on "Historical Statistics" in www.ggdc.net/Maddison|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017|}}</ref>
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|-
| PPP comparison method used || The method developed by Kravis, Heston, and Summers for the {{w|International Comparison Program}}.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> The same method is used by the [[Penn World Table]].
|}

== Versions ==

The list of versions is incomplete.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Version !! Formats available !! Year of publication !! Month of publication !! Most recent year till which data is present !! Dimensions (inputs) !! Metrics (outputs)
|-
| Maddison 2010 (version published at start of Maddison Project)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, both horizontal (years are columns)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-horizontal>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls|title = Horizontal file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> and vertical (years are rows)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls|title = Vertical file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> || 2010 || March (for explanatory note), February (for data) || 2008 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Population, real GDP, real GDP per capita, population growth, real GDP growth, real GDP per capita growth
|-
| Maddison 2013 (first update by Maddison Project)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, only vertical (years are rows)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> || 2013 || January || 2010 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Real GDP per capita
|}

== Data description ==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are country and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population: Included in
** Real GDP
** Real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time. Note that we count an year is present if there is data for at least one country for that year.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/><ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year range !! Data granularity for Maddison 2010 (data till 2008) !! Data granularity for Maddison 2013 (data till 2010)
|-
| 2009 to 2010 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1820 to 2008 || Every year || Every year
|-
| 1800 to 1819 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1700 to 1799 || 1700 (only one year) || 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775
|-
| 1400 to 1699 || 1400, 1500, 1600 (once every 100 years) || 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650 (once every 50 years)
|-
| Before 1400 || 1, 1000 || 1, 730, 1000, 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348
|}

==== Country dimension ====

The country dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the country dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the estimates ''should'' be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding does not seem to show up in Google Sheets or Mac's Numbers software (it might show up only in Excel).

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>{{rp|4}} Unfortunately, the color coding does not seem to show up in Mac's Numbers or in Google Sheets.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

==Data sources==

==Methods of estimation==

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

==Usage in debates==

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm Official website]

== References ==

{{Reflist|30em}}

Maddison Project

2017-10-06T14:43:36Z

Vipul: /* Year dimension */

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

This page describes the data and methods both produced by the explicit Maddison Project and produced by Angus Maddison before his death (since the Maddison Project is continuation of his work).

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/><ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> Multiple versions by Angus Maddison, the last of which was published in February/March 2010.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/BackgroundHistoricalStatistics_03-2010.pdf|title = Background notes on "Historical Statistics" in www.ggdc.net/Maddison|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017|}}</ref>
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|-
| PPP comparison method used || The method developed by Kravis, Heston, and Summers for the {{w|International Comparison Program}}.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> The same method is used by the [[Penn World Table]].
|}

== Versions ==

The list of versions is incomplete.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Version !! Formats available !! Year of publication !! Month of publication !! Most recent year till which data is present !! Dimensions (inputs) !! Metrics (outputs)
|-
| Maddison 2010 (version published at start of Maddison Project)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, both horizontal (years are columns)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-horizontal>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls|title = Horizontal file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> and vertical (years are rows)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls|title = Vertical file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> || 2010 || March (for explanatory note), February (for data) || 2008 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Population, real GDP, real GDP per capita, population growth, real GDP growth, real GDP per capita growth
|-
| Maddison 2013 (first update by Maddison Project)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, only vertical (years are rows)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> || 2013 || January || 2010 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Real GDP per capita
|}

== Data description ==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are country and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population: Included in
** Real GDP
** Real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time. Note that we count an year is present if there is data for at least one country for that year.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/><ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year range !! Data granularity for Maddison 2010 (data till 2008) !! Data granularity for Maddison 2013 (data till 2010)
|-
| 2009 to 2010 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1820 to 2008 || Every year || Every year
|-
| 1800 to 1819 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1700 to 1799 || 1700 (only one year) || 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775
|-
| 1400 to 1699 || 1400, 1500, 1600 (once every 100 years) || 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650 (once every 50 years)
|-
| Before 1400 || 1, 1000 || 1, 730, 1000, 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348
|}

==== Country dimension ====

The country dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the country dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the estimates ''should'' be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding does not seem to show up in Google Sheets or Mac's Numbers software (it might show up only in Excel).

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>{{rp|5}} Unfortunately, the color coding does not seem to show up in Mac's Numbers or in Google Sheets.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* {{official website|http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm}}

Maddison Project

2017-10-06T14:43:14Z

Vipul: /* Year dimension */

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

This page describes the data and methods both produced by the explicit Maddison Project and produced by Angus Maddison before his death (since the Maddison Project is continuation of his work).

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/><ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> Multiple versions by Angus Maddison, the last of which was published in February/March 2010.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/BackgroundHistoricalStatistics_03-2010.pdf|title = Background notes on "Historical Statistics" in www.ggdc.net/Maddison|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017|}}</ref>
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|-
| PPP comparison method used || The method developed by Kravis, Heston, and Summers for the {{w|International Comparison Program}}.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> The same method is used by the [[Penn World Table]].
|}

== Versions ==

The list of versions is incomplete.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Version !! Formats available !! Year of publication !! Month of publication !! Most recent year till which data is present !! Dimensions (inputs) !! Metrics (outputs)
|-
| Maddison 2010 (version published at start of Maddison Project)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, both horizontal (years are columns)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-horizontal>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls|title = Horizontal file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> and vertical (years are rows)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls|title = Vertical file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> || 2010 || March (for explanatory note), February (for data) || 2008 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Population, real GDP, real GDP per capita, population growth, real GDP growth, real GDP per capita growth
|-
| Maddison 2013 (first update by Maddison Project)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, only vertical (years are rows)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> || 2013 || January || 2010 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Real GDP per capita
|}

== Data description ==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are country and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population: Included in
** Real GDP
** Real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time. Note that we count an year is present if there is data for at least one country for that year.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/><ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year range !! Data granularity for Maddison 2010 (data till 2008) !! Data granularity for Maddison 2013 (data till 2010)
|-
| 2009 to 2010 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1820 to 2008 || Every year || Every year
|-
| 1800 to 1819 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1700 to 1799 || 1700 (only one year) || 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775
|-
| 1400 to 1699 || 1400, 1500, 1600 (once every 100 years) || 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650 (once every 50 years)
|-
| Before 1400 || 1, 1000 || 1, 730, 1000 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348
|}

==== Country dimension ====

The country dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the country dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the estimates ''should'' be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding does not seem to show up in Google Sheets or Mac's Numbers software (it might show up only in Excel).

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>{{rp|5}} Unfortunately, the color coding does not seem to show up in Mac's Numbers or in Google Sheets.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* {{official website|http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm}}

Maddison Project

2017-10-06T14:42:19Z

Vipul: /* Data dimensions and metrics */

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

This page describes the data and methods both produced by the explicit Maddison Project and produced by Angus Maddison before his death (since the Maddison Project is continuation of his work).

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/><ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> Multiple versions by Angus Maddison, the last of which was published in February/March 2010.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/BackgroundHistoricalStatistics_03-2010.pdf|title = Background notes on "Historical Statistics" in www.ggdc.net/Maddison|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017|}}</ref>
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|-
| PPP comparison method used || The method developed by Kravis, Heston, and Summers for the {{w|International Comparison Program}}.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> The same method is used by the [[Penn World Table]].
|}

== Versions ==

The list of versions is incomplete.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Version !! Formats available !! Year of publication !! Month of publication !! Most recent year till which data is present !! Dimensions (inputs) !! Metrics (outputs)
|-
| Maddison 2010 (version published at start of Maddison Project)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, both horizontal (years are columns)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-horizontal>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls|title = Horizontal file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> and vertical (years are rows)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls|title = Vertical file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> || 2010 || March (for explanatory note), February (for data) || 2008 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Population, real GDP, real GDP per capita, population growth, real GDP growth, real GDP per capita growth
|-
| Maddison 2013 (first update by Maddison Project)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, only vertical (years are rows)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> || 2013 || January || 2010 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Real GDP per capita
|}

== Data description ==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are country and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population: Included in
** Real GDP
** Real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time. Note that we count an year is present if there is data for at least one country for that year.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/><ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year range !! Data granularity for Maddison 2010 !! Data granularity for Maddison 2013
|-
| 2009 to 2010 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1820 to 2008 || Every year || Every year
|-
| 1800 to 1819 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1700 to 1799 || 1700 (only one year) || 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775
|-
| 1400 to 1699 || 1400, 1500, 1600 (once every 100 years) || 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650 (once every 50 years)
|-
| Before 1400 || 1, 1000 || 1, 730, 1000 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348
|}

==== Country dimension ====

The country dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the country dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the estimates ''should'' be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding does not seem to show up in Google Sheets or Mac's Numbers software (it might show up only in Excel).

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>{{rp|5}} Unfortunately, the color coding does not seem to show up in Mac's Numbers or in Google Sheets.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* {{official website|http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm}}

Maddison Project

2017-10-06T14:42:01Z

Vipul:

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

This page describes the data and methods both produced by the explicit Maddison Project and produced by Angus Maddison before his death (since the Maddison Project is continuation of his work).

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/><ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> Multiple versions by Angus Maddison, the last of which was published in February/March 2010.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/BackgroundHistoricalStatistics_03-2010.pdf|title = Background notes on "Historical Statistics" in www.ggdc.net/Maddison|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017|}}</ref>
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|-
| PPP comparison method used || The method developed by Kravis, Heston, and Summers for the {{w|International Comparison Program}}.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> The same method is used by the [[Penn World Table]].
|}

== Versions ==

The list of versions is incomplete.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Version !! Formats available !! Year of publication !! Month of publication !! Most recent year till which data is present !! Dimensions (inputs) !! Metrics (outputs)
|-
| Maddison 2010 (version published at start of Maddison Project)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, both horizontal (years are columns)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-horizontal>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls|title = Horizontal file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> and vertical (years are rows)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls|title = Vertical file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> || 2010 || March (for explanatory note), February (for data) || 2008 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Population, real GDP, real GDP per capita, population growth, real GDP growth, real GDP per capita growth
|-
| Maddison 2013 (first update by Maddison Project)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, only vertical (years are rows)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> || 2013 || January || 2010 || Country (or geographical region) and year || Real GDP per capita
|}

== Data description ==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are country and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population: Included in
** Real GDP
** eal GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time. Note that we count an year is present if there is data for at least one country for that year.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/><ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year range !! Data granularity for Maddison 2010 !! Data granularity for Maddison 2013
|-
| 2009 to 2010 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1820 to 2008 || Every year || Every year
|-
| 1800 to 1819 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1700 to 1799 || 1700 (only one year) || 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775
|-
| 1400 to 1699 || 1400, 1500, 1600 (once every 100 years) || 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650 (once every 50 years)
|-
| Before 1400 || 1, 1000 || 1, 730, 1000 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348
|}

==== Country dimension ====

The country dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the country dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the estimates ''should'' be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding does not seem to show up in Google Sheets or Mac's Numbers software (it might show up only in Excel).

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>{{rp|5}} Unfortunately, the color coding does not seem to show up in Mac's Numbers or in Google Sheets.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* {{official website|http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm}}

Maddison Project

2017-10-06T14:41:29Z

Vipul:

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

This page describes the data and methods both produced by the explicit Maddison Project and produced by Angus Maddison before his death (since the Maddison Project is continuation of his work).

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/><ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> Multiple versions by Angus Maddison, the last of which was published in February/March 2010.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/BackgroundHistoricalStatistics_03-2010.pdf|title = Background notes on "Historical Statistics" in www.ggdc.net/Maddison|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017|}}</ref>
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|-
| PPP comparison method used || The method developed by Kravis, Heston, and Summers for the {{w|International Comparison Program}}.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> The same method is used by the [[Penn World Table]].
|}

== Versions ==

The list of versions is incomplete.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Version !! Formats available !! Year of publication !! Month of publication !! Most recent year till which data is present !! Dimensions (inputs) !! Metrics (outputs)
|-
| Maddison 2010 (version published at start of Maddison Project)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, both horizontal (years are columns)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-horizontal>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls|title = Horizontal file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> and vertical (years are rows)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls|title = Vertical file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> || 2010 || March (for explanatory note), February (for data) || Country (or geographical region) and year || Population, real GDP, real GDP per capita, population growth, real GDP growth, real GDP per capita growth
|-
| Maddison 2013 (first update by Maddison Project)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, only vertical (years are rows)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> || 2013 || January || Country (or geographical region) and year || Real GDP per capita
|}

== Data description ==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are country and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population: Included in
** Real GDP
** eal GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time. Note that we count an year is present if there is data for at least one country for that year.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/><ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year range !! Data granularity for Maddison 2010 !! Data granularity for Maddison 2013
|-
| 2009 to 2010 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1820 to 2008 || Every year || Every year
|-
| 1800 to 1819 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1700 to 1799 || 1700 (only one year) || 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775
|-
| 1400 to 1699 || 1400, 1500, 1600 (once every 100 years) || 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650 (once every 50 years)
|-
| Before 1400 || 1, 1000 || 1, 730, 1000 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348
|}

==== Country dimension ====

The country dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the country dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the estimates ''should'' be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding does not seem to show up in Google Sheets or Mac's Numbers software (it might show up only in Excel).

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>{{rp|5}} Unfortunately, the color coding does not seem to show up in Mac's Numbers or in Google Sheets.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* {{official website|http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm}}

Maddison Project

2017-10-06T14:40:42Z

Vipul:

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

This page describes the data and methods both produced by the explicit Maddison Project and produced by Angus Maddison before his death (since the Maddison Project is continuation of his work).

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/><ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> Multiple versions by Angus Maddison, the last of which was published in February/March 2010.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/BackgroundHistoricalStatistics_03-2010.pdf|title = Background notes on "Historical Statistics" in www.ggdc.net/Maddison|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017|}}</ref>
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|-
| PPP comparison method used || The method developed by Kravis, Heston, and Summers for the {{w|International Comparison Program}}.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> The same method is used by the [[Penn World Table]].
|}

== Versions ==

The list of versions is incomplete.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Version !! Formats available !! Year of publication !! Month of publication !! Most recent year till which data is present !! Dimensions (inputs) !! Metrics (outputs)
|-
| Maddison 2010 (version published at start of Maddison Project)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, both horizontal (years are columns)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-horizontal>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls|title = Horizontal file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> and vertical (years are rows)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls|title = Vertical file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> || 2010 || March (for explanatory note), February (for data) || Country (or geographical region) and year || Population, real GDP, real GDP per capita, population growth, real GDP growth, real GDP per capita growth
|-
| Maddison 2013 (first update by Maddison Project)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, only vertical (years are rows)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> || Country (or geographical region) and year || 2013 || January || Country (or geographical region) and year || Real GDP per capita
|}

== Data description ==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are country and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population: Included in
** Real GDP
** eal GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time. Note that we count an year is present if there is data for at least one country for that year.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/><ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year range !! Data granularity for Maddison 2010 !! Data granularity for Maddison 2013
|-
| 2009 to 2010 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1820 to 2008 || Every year || Every year
|-
| 1800 to 1819 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1700 to 1799 || 1700 (only one year) || 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775
|-
| 1400 to 1699 || 1400, 1500, 1600 (once every 100 years) || 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650 (once every 50 years)
|-
| Before 1400 || 1, 1000 || 1, 730, 1000 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348
|}

==== Country dimension ====

The country dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the country dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the estimates ''should'' be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding does not seem to show up in Google Sheets or Mac's Numbers software (it might show up only in Excel).

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>{{rp|5}} Unfortunately, the color coding does not seem to show up in Mac's Numbers or in Google Sheets.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* {{official website|http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm}}

Maddison Project

2017-10-06T14:39:44Z

Vipul:

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

This page describes the data and methods both produced by the explicit Maddison Project and produced by Angus Maddison before his death (since the Maddison Project is continuation of his work).

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/><ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> Multiple versions by Angus Maddison, the last of which was published in February/March 2010.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/BackgroundHistoricalStatistics_03-2010.pdf|title = Background notes on "Historical Statistics" in www.ggdc.net/Maddison|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017|}}</ref>
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|-
| PPP comparison method used || The method developed by Kravis, Heston, and Summers for the {{w|International Comparison Program}}.<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> The same method is used by the [[Penn World Table]].
|}

== Versions ==

The list of versions is incomplete.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Version !! Formats available !! Year of publication !! Month of publication !! Most recent year till which data is present !! Dimensions (inputs) !! Metrics (outputs)
|-
| Maddison 2010 (version published at start of Maddison Project)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, both horizontal (years are columns)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-horizontal>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls|title = Horizontal file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> and vertical (years are rows)<ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls|title = Vertical file|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = October 7, 2017}}</ref> || 2010 || March (for explanatory note), February (for data) || Country (or geographical region) and year || Population, real GDP, real GDP per capita, population growth, real GDP growth, real GDP per capita growth
|-
| Maddison 2013 (first update by Maddison Project)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/> || Excel spreadsheet, only vertical (years are rows)<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/> || Country (or geographical region) and year || Real GDP per capita
|}

== Data description ==

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are country and year.
* The metrics include:
** Population: Included in
** Real GDP
** eal GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time. Note that we count an year is present if there is data for at least one country for that year.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/><ref name=angus-maddison-2010-data-vertical>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year range !! Data granularity for Maddison 2010 !! Data granularity for Maddison 2013
|-
| 2009 to 2010 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1820 to 2008 || Every year || Every year
|-
| 1800 to 1819 || Not present || Every year
|-
| 1700 to 1799 || 1700 (only one year) || 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775
|-
| 1400 to 1699 || 1400, 1500, 1600 (once every 100 years) || 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650 (once every 50 years)
|-
| Before 1400 || 1, 1000 || 1, 730, 1000 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348
|}

==== Country dimension ====

The country dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the country dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the estimates ''should'' be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding does not seem to show up in Google Sheets or Mac's Numbers software (it might show up only in Excel).

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-update/>{{rp|5}} Unfortunately, the color coding does not seem to show up in Mac's Numbers or in Google Sheets.<ref name=maddison-project-2013-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* {{official website|http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm}}

Maddison Project

2017-10-06T05:22:22Z

Vipul: /* Other information */

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-update/> Possibly multiple versions published by Angus Maddison.
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|}

== Data description ==

The only update released by the Maddison Project was published in January 2013, with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-update/> The underlying data is available as an Excel spreadsheet.<ref name=maddison-data>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|title = Maddison Project Database|date = January 1, 2013|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are country and year.
* The only output (the metric) is real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[wikipedia:Geary–Khamis dollar|Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

The Maddison project database includes data until and including the year 2010. While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time.<ref name=maddison-data/>

* For all years from 1800 to 2010, GDP per capita estimates are present for at least one country. Countries with continuous data since 1800 include Sweden, England, and Centre-North Italy.
* Between 1700 and 1800, GDP per capita estimates are present at multiples of 25: the years 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775, and 1800.
* Between 1400 and 1700, GDP per capita estimates are present at multiples of 50: 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700.
* Before 1400, estimates are present for the years: 1, 730, 1000, 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348.

==== Country dimension ====

The country dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== GDP per capita metric ====

The metric is real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[wikipedia:Geary–Khamis dollar|Geary–Khamis dollar]]s.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the country dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the estimates ''should'' be color-coded (see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding does not seem to show up in Google Sheets or Mac's Numbers software (it might show up only in Excel).

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-update/>{{rp|5}} Unfortunately, the color coding does not seem to show up in Mac's Numbers or in Google Sheets.<ref name=maddison-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* {{official website|http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm}}

Great Divergence

2017-10-06T05:19:50Z

Vipul: /* Causes */

The '''Great Divergence''' refers to the {{w|stylized fact}} of a divergence in living standards between these two, during and before the 19th century:

* Western Europe (and the parts of the United States settled by people from Western Europe)
* The other great medieval empires, including Mughal India, Wing China, the Ottoman Empire, Joseon Korea, and Tokugawa Japan.

== Variables of contention ==

=== Timing ===

Some schools (such as those led by Maddison) take the view that living standards had diverged in the medieval period, by the 17th century or earlier, with per capita GDP in Western Europe about double that in India, China, and Japan. The per capita GDP diverged further in the 19th century with the Industrial Revolution.

The California School endorses the Pomeranz hypothesis, which says that there was no divergence till the late 18th century, so that the Great Divergence occurred along with, or just shortly before, the Industrial Revolution.

=== Causes ===

See [[wikipedia:Great Divergence#Possible factors]] for now.

== Schools of thought ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Name of school !! Key people || Key views !! Datasets brandished
|-
| Maddison school, after Angus Maddison<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref> || Angus Maddison, Jan Luiten van Zanden, Debin Ma || Living standards between Western Europe and the other great empires had already diverged in the Medieval Period, though the ratio of living standards was relatively small (about a factor of two) || Maddison Project database
|-
| California school<ref name=maddison-right/> || Kenneth Pomeranz, Ken Deng, Patrick O'Brien || Pomeranz Hypothesis: Divergence did not really begin till the late 18th century || ??
|}

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

Data sources for estimating economic statistics in medieval times

2017-10-06T04:42:50Z

Vipul: Created page with "This page describes data sources used for estimating economic statistics in medieval times, specifically in cases where no official statistics estimates are present. == Notes..."

This page describes data sources used for estimating economic statistics in medieval times, specifically in cases where no official statistics estimates are present.

== Notes ==

* Joseon Korea: wealthy/elite (''yangban'') genealogical records, accounts of rice costs and interest rates, wages as set down in various record books, changes in land value as indicated in clan and local registers<ref>{{cite web|url = http://english.donga.com/List/3/all/26/237229/1|title = The Fall of the Joseon Dynasty Began with Its Economy|date = September 18, 2004|accessdate = October 6, 2017}}</ref>
* Tokugawa Japan had something like official statistics already? Wow! <ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/20023832|title = Population Trends and Economic Development in Tokugawa Japan: The Case of Bizen Province in Okayama|last = Hanley|first= Susan B.|accessdate = October 6, 2017}}</ref>
== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

Maddison Project

2017-10-06T04:32:24Z

Vipul: /* Accuracy and precision */

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-update/> Possibly multiple versions published by Angus Maddison.
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|}

== Data description ==

The only update released by the Maddison Project was published in January 2013, with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-update/> The underlying data is available as an Excel spreadsheet.<ref name=maddison-data>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|title = Maddison Project Database|date = January 1, 2013|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are country and year.
* The only output (the metric) is real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[wikipedia:Geary–Khamis dollar|Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

The Maddison project database includes data until and including the year 2010. While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time.<ref name=maddison-data/>

* For all years from 1800 to 2010, GDP per capita estimates are present for at least one country. Countries with continuous data since 1800 include Sweden, England, and Centre-North Italy.
* Between 1700 and 1800, GDP per capita estimates are present at multiples of 25: the years 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775, and 1800.
* Between 1400 and 1700, GDP per capita estimates are present at multiples of 50: 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700.
* Before 1400, estimates are present for the years: 1, 730, 1000, 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348.

==== Country dimension ====

The country dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== GDP per capita metric ====

The metric is real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[wikipedia:Geary–Khamis dollar|Geary–Khamis dollar]]s.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the country dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the estimates ''should'' be color-coded see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding does not seem to show up in Google Sheets or Mac's Numbers software (it might show up only in Excel).

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper uses [[Steve Broadberry's classification of data sources]], listing four broad types of data sources in decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-update/>{{rp|5}} Unfortunately, the color coding does not seem to show up in Mac's Numbers or in Google Sheets.<ref name=maddison-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* {{official website|http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm}}

Great Divergence

2017-10-06T04:24:44Z

Vipul:

The '''Great Divergence''' refers to the {{w|stylized fact}} of a divergence in living standards between these two, during and before the 19th century:

* Western Europe (and the parts of the United States settled by people from Western Europe)
* The other great medieval empires, including Mughal India, Wing China, the Ottoman Empire, Joseon Korea, and Tokugawa Japan.

== Variables of contention ==

=== Timing ===

Some schools (such as those led by Maddison) take the view that living standards had diverged in the medieval period, by the 17th century or earlier, with per capita GDP in Western Europe about double that in India, China, and Japan. The per capita GDP diverged further in the 19th century with the Industrial Revolution.

The California School endorses the Pomeranz hypothesis, which says that there was no divergence till the late 18th century, so that the Great Divergence occurred along with, or just shortly before, the Industrial Revolution.

=== Causes ===

See [[wikipedia:Great Divergence#Possible factors]] for nwo.

== Schools of thought ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Name of school !! Key people || Key views !! Datasets brandished
|-
| Maddison school, after Angus Maddison<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref> || Angus Maddison, Jan Luiten van Zanden, Debin Ma || Living standards between Western Europe and the other great empires had already diverged in the Medieval Period, though the ratio of living standards was relatively small (about a factor of two) || Maddison Project database
|-
| California school<ref name=maddison-right/> || Kenneth Pomeranz, Ken Deng, Patrick O'Brien || Pomeranz Hypothesis: Divergence did not really begin till the late 18th century || ??
|}

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

Great Divergence

2017-10-06T04:24:19Z

Vipul: Created page with "The '''Great Divergence''' refers to the {{w|stylized fact}} of a divergence in living standards between these two, during and before the 19th century: * Western Europe (and..."

The '''Great Divergence''' refers to the {{w|stylized fact}} of a divergence in living standards between these two, during and before the 19th century:

* Western Europe (and the parts of the United States settled by people from Western Europe)
* The other great medieval empires, including Mughal India, Wing China, the Ottoman Empire, Joseon Korea, and Tokugawa Japan.

== Variables of contention ==

=== Timing ===

Some schools (such as those led by Maddison) take the view that living standards had diverged in the medieval period, by the 17th century or earlier, with per capita GDP in Western Europe about double that in India, China, and Japan. The per capita GDP diverged further in the 19th century with the Industrial Revolution.

The California School endorses the Pomeranz hypothesis, which says that there was no divergence till the late 18th century, so that the Great Divergence occurred along with, or just shortly before, the Industrial Revolution.

=== Causes ===

See [[wikipedia:Great Divergence#Possible factors]] for nwo.

== Schools of thought ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Name of school !! Key people || Key views !! Datasets brandished
|-
| Maddison school, after Angus Maddison<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref> || Angus Maddison, Jan Luiten van Zanden, Debin Ma || Living standards between Western Europe and the other great empires had already diverged in the Medieval Period, though the ratio of living standards was relatively small (about a factor of two) || Maddison Project database
|-
| California school<ref name=maddison-right/> || Kenneth Pomeranz, Ken Deng, Patrick O'Brien || Pomeranz Hypothesis: Divergence did not really begin till the late 18th century || ??
|}

Maddison Project

2017-10-06T04:02:29Z

Vipul: /* Accuracy and precision */

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-update/> Possibly multiple versions published by Angus Maddison.
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|}

== Data description ==

The only update released by the Maddison Project was published in January 2013, with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-update/> The underlying data is available as an Excel spreadsheet.<ref name=maddison-data>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|title = Maddison Project Database|date = January 1, 2013|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are country and year.
* The only output (the metric) is real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[wikipedia:Geary–Khamis dollar|Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

The Maddison project database includes data until and including the year 2010. While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time.<ref name=maddison-data/>

* For all years from 1800 to 2010, GDP per capita estimates are present for at least one country. Countries with continuous data since 1800 include Sweden, England, and Centre-North Italy.
* Between 1700 and 1800, GDP per capita estimates are present at multiples of 25: the years 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775, and 1800.
* Between 1400 and 1700, GDP per capita estimates are present at multiples of 50: 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700.
* Before 1400, estimates are present for the years: 1, 730, 1000, 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348.

==== Country dimension ====

The country dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== GDP per capita metric ====

The metric is real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[wikipedia:Geary–Khamis dollar|Geary–Khamis dollar]]s.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the country dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the estimates ''should'' be color-coded see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding does not seem to show up in Google Sheets or Mac's Numbers software (it might show up only in Excel).

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper identifies four types of estimates in roughly decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-update/>{{rp|5}} Unfortunately, the color coding does not seem to show up in Mac's Numbers or in Google Sheets.<ref name=maddison-data/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* {{official website|http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm}}

Maddison Project

2017-10-06T04:02:11Z

Vipul: /* Accuracy and precision */

{{economic statistics project}}

The '''Maddison Project''', also known as the '''Maddison Historical Statistics Project''', is a project to collate historical [[economic statistics]], such as [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], GDP per capita, and labor productivity.<ref name=official-website>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm|title = Maddison Project|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ggdc-linking-page>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/|title = The Database|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=worldbank-long-era>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/end-long-era|title = The end of a long era|last = Milanović|first = Branko|authorlink = Branko Milanović|date = July 19, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = [[World Bank]]}}</ref> It was launched in March 2010 to continue the work of the late economic historian [[Angus Maddison]]. The project is under the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]],<ref name=ggdc-linking-page/> which also hosts the [[Penn World Table]], another economic statistics project.<ref name=ggdc-pwt>{{cite web|url = http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/|title = The Database. Penn World Table version 9.0|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = Groningen Growth and Development Centre}}</ref>

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Item !! Value
|-
| Start date || March 2010 for the explicit Maddison Project<ref name=official-website/> 1960s for the original work by Angus Maddison that was the genesis of the project.<ref name=maddison-update>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp4.pdf |title=The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820 |first1=Jutta |last1=Bolt |first2=Jan Luiten |last2=van Zanden |date=January 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
|-
| Data versioning || Only one update released as Maddison Project, published January 2013 with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-update/> Possibly multiple versions published by Angus Maddison.
|-
| Focus || Historical: identify general ballparks and trends in living standards and economic growth over long time periods. Provide better insight into the timeline of the [[Great Divergence]] between Western Europe and other regions that were historically similarly situated, such as China and India.
|}

== Data description ==

The only update released by the Maddison Project was published in January 2013, with data till 2010.<ref name=maddison-update/> The underlying data is available as an Excel spreadsheet.<ref name=maddison-data>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|title = Maddison Project Database|date = January 1, 2013|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

=== Data dimensions and metrics ===

The data presented in the Maddison Project database is a partial function where:

* The inputs (the dimensions) are country and year.
* The only output (the metric) is real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[wikipedia:Geary–Khamis dollar|Geary–Khamis dollar]]s. For simplicity, we will refer to this as GDP per capita.

==== Year dimension ====

The Maddison project database includes data until and including the year 2010. While calendar years are the finest granularity at which data is presented, not all calendar years have data. Here is a description of how the granularity changes over time.<ref name=maddison-data/>

* For all years from 1800 to 2010, GDP per capita estimates are present for at least one country. Countries with continuous data since 1800 include Sweden, England, and Centre-North Italy.
* Between 1700 and 1800, GDP per capita estimates are present at multiples of 25: the years 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775, and 1800.
* Between 1400 and 1700, GDP per capita estimates are present at multiples of 50: 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700.
* Before 1400, estimates are present for the years: 1, 730, 1000, 1150, 1280, 1300, 1348.

==== Country dimension ====

The country dimension includes most modern countries, but also includes historical countries (such as the former USSR) and regions within countries (such as centre-north Italy) for which it is easier to get historical data than their modern country equivalents. The working paper says:<ref name=maddison-update/>

{{quotation|A related issue is that historical estimates often refer to different territorial entities than the countries within the borders of 1990, the basic unit of account used in the Maddison framework. He made many corrections for (minor) changes in borders (an overview will be provided in future work). However, moving back in time sometimes means that we have only estimates for Northern Italy (instead of Italy as a whole), for Holland (Netherlands) or for the Cape Colony (South Africa). When those smaller regions represented less than two-third of the population and/or the GDP of the modern country (within current borders), we have presented the estimates in italics to warn users.}}

In addition, data is also presented on aggregate regions (such as Western Europe) and the whole world. Data on aggregate regions and former countries is presented in bold.

==== GDP per capita metric ====

The metric is real GDP per capita, expressed in 1990 international [[wikipedia:Geary–Khamis dollar|Geary–Khamis dollar]]s.

==== Other information ====

As mentioned in connection with the country dimension, italics and bold are used for some cells.

Notes are added for some estimates, that are visible by hovering over the cell in spreadsheet software. A triangle at the top right of a cell indicates that there are notes for that cell.

Although the estimates ''should'' be color-coded see [[#Accuracy and precision]]), this color-coding does not seem to show up in Google Sheets or Mac's Numbers software (it might show up only in Excel).

=== Caveats ===

==== Completeness ====

Data is not present for every combination of country and year. This could be because of the absence of reliable sources that could be used to construct the data.

Data on former countries continues to be calculated for years after that country ceases to exist as a geopolitical entity.

==== Accuracy and precision ====

Data is fairly inaccurate and imprecise, with the accuracy and precision getting worse the farther back in time we go, and also varying significantly across geographical regions. However, the database does not provide error bars or any other explicit quantification of uncertainty.

The working paper identifies four types of estimates in roughly decreasing order of reliability, along with the color coding that should show up in the database.<ref name=maddison-update/> Unfortunately, the color coding does not seem to show up in Mac's Numbers or in Google Sheets.<ref name=maddison-data/>{{rp|5}}

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Rank !! Type of estimate !! Color coding in database
|-
| 1 || official estimates of GDP, made by national statistical offices or by international agencies (UN, for example) || black
|-
| 2 || historical estimates based on the same methods and broad range of data|| blue
|-
| 3 || historical estimates based on indirect proxy variables || orange
|-
| 4 || guesstimates || red
|}

==== Design decisions that might lead to systematic biases ====

Maybe something about the purchasing power parity marking China as too expensive?<ref name=maddison-right>{{cite web|url = http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/publications/wp7.pdf|title = What Makes Maddison Right?|author = Jan Luiten van Zanden|author2 = Debin Ma|date = September 1, 2017|accessdate = October 5, 2017}}</ref>

== Reception ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Person !! Affiliation !! Qualification !! Opinion
|-
| {{w|Branko Milanović}}<ref name=worldbank-long-era/> || [[World Bank]] || Development economist || Only source for long-run national GDPs going back to 1920s Also, differing conclusions about Chinese GDP and growth rates due to higher estimates of their price levels
|-
| {{w|Morten Jerven}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ras.org.in/print/discrepancies_why_do_GDP_growth_rates_differ|title = Why Do GDP Growth Rates Differ?|last = Jerven|first = Morten|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Norwegian University of Life Sciences || Development economist || One of three main sources of GDP numbers
|-
| [[Bill Gates]]<ref name=gates-guardian>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/may/08/measuring-growth-gdp-africa|title = Bill Gates: how GDP understates economic growth. GDP may be an inaccurate indicator in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a concern for those who want to use statistics to help the world's poorest people|last = Gates|first = Bill|authorlink = Bill Gates|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|date = May 8, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref> || Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation || Smart well-read person || Mostly echoes Jerven
|-
| [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/debt-and-growth-data/|title = Debt and Growth Data|last = Krugman|first = Paul|authorlink = Paul Krugman|date = April 26, 2013|accessdate = October 3, 2017|publisher = ''[[New York Times]]''}}</ref> || New York Times || Economist, columnist || Data source for historical debt, growth, and labor output and productivity data.
|}

== See also ==

* [[Penn World Table]]
* [[World Development Indicators]]
* ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'', a 2004 book by Angus Maddison that is an early precursor of the work done by the Maddison Project
* [[Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)]]

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* {{official website|http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm}}